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GlossaryIntermediate Filaments

structural proteins in cells providing mechanical support and stability

Intermediate filaments are a type of structural protein found within cells that help maintain their shape and integrity. They are part of the cytoskeleton, which also includes microtubules and actin filaments, and they provide mechanical support to cells, enabling them to withstand stress and strain.

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research Mutations in the helix termination motif of mouse type I IRS keratin genes impair the assembly of keratin intermediate filament

27 citations , November 2007 in “Genomics”

Mutations in specific keratin genes cause improper hair structure in mice due to faulty keratin protein assembly.

research Sequence analyses of Type I and Type II chains in human hair and epithelial keratin intermediate filaments: Promiscuous obligate heterodimers, Type II template for molecule formation and a rationale for heterodimer formation

19 citations , December 2006 in “Journal of Structural Biology”

Type I and Type II keratin chains can form heterodimers despite sequence differences.

research Hair follicle differentiation: expression, structure and evolutionary conservation of the hair type II keratin intermediate filament gene family

65 citations , February 1992 in “Development”

Type II keratin genes are crucial for hair follicle differentiation and have a conserved structure and expression pattern.

research Complete sequence of a hair-like intermediate filament type II keratin gene

15 citations , January 1993 in “DNA sequence”

KRT2.13 gene is similar to KRT2.9 but not expressed in hair follicles.

research A Unique Type I Keratin Intermediate Filament Gene Family is Abundantly Expressed in the Inner Root Sheaths of Sheep and Human Hair Follicles

41 citations , January 2001 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

research A Novel Mouse Type I Intermediate Filament Gene, Keratin 17n (K17n), Exhibits Preferred Expression in Nail Tissue

31 citations , April 2004 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

A new mouse gene, Keratin 17n, is mainly found in nail tissue and may explain why mice without Keratin 17 don't have nail issues.

research Role of human type II hair keratins in intermediate filament bundling in vitro

October 2015

research Three-dimensional modelling of interchain sequence similarities and differences in the coiled-coil segments of keratin intermediate filament heterodimers highlight features important in assembly

13 citations , November 2007 in “Journal of Structural Biology”

Keratin heterodimers are preferred for their specific and structural advantages.

research Structure and Mechanical Properties of Human Trichocyte Keratin Intermediate Filament Protein

51 citations , September 2012 in “Biomacromolecules”

Disulfide bonds make keratin in hair stronger and tougher.

research Structural Stability of Wild Type and Mutated α-Keratin Fragments: Molecular Dynamics and Free Energy Calculations

40 citations , September 2004 in “Biomacromolecules”

The Glu413Lys mutation in keratin affects hair stability, while Glu413Asp does not.

research A Splice Site Mutation in the Gene of the Human Type I Hair Keratin hHa1 Results in the Expression of a Tailless Keratin Isoform

28 citations , December 1997 in “Journal of Biological Chemistry”

A genetic mutation in the hHa1 gene creates a smaller, but still functional, hair protein without causing hair problems.

research The Type I Keratin 19 Possesses Distinct and Context-dependent Assembly Properties

46 citations , December 1998 in “Journal of Biological Chemistry”

Keratin 19 forms less stable and shorter filaments than keratin 14, giving unique traits to certain skin cells.

Bioinformatics Analysis of Genes Associated with Patchy-Type Alopecia Areata: CD2 May Be a New Therapeutic Target

research Bioinformatics analysis of genes associated with the patchy-type alopecia areata: CD2 may be a new therapeutic target

4 citations , September 2019 in “Biomedical Papers/Biomedical Papers of the Faculty of Medicine of Palacký University, Olomouc Czech Republic”

CD2 might be a new treatment target for patchy alopecia areata.

research Directed Expression of a Chimeric Type II Keratin Partially Rescues Keratin 5-null Mice

15 citations , May 2014 in “Journal of Biological Chemistry”

A chimeric keratin partially improved skin structure in mice lacking keratin 5, but didn't fully restore normal skin.

research Disulfide Cross-Linked Network Structure of Intermediate Filament and Matrix in Hair and Wool Cortices

4 citations , January 2015 in “Sen'i Gakkaishi”

Hair and wool strength is affected by the number and type of bonds in their protein structures, with hair having more protein aggregates than wool.

research High-sulfur protein deficient human hair: clinical aspects and biochemical study of two unreported cases of a variant type of trichothiodystrophy

11 citations , January 1989

Two patients had a unique form of trichothiodystrophy with reduced high-sulfur proteins in their hair.

research Skin Keratins

54 citations , November 2015 in “Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology”

Keratins are important for skin cell health and their problems can cause diseases.

research A keratin scaffold regulates epidermal barrier formation, mitochondrial lipid composition, and activity

98 citations , December 2015 in “The Journal of Cell Biology”

Keratin is crucial for skin barrier formation and affects mitochondrial function.

research Proteopedia entry: Coiled‐coil structure of keratins

10 citations , November 2013 in “Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education”

Keratins are crucial proteins for hair and nails, with a structure that helps teach protein principles.

research Keratins: Dynamic, flexible structural proteins of epithelial cells

13 citations , May 2001 in “Current problems in dermatology”

Keratin proteins in epithelial cells are dynamic and crucial for cell processes and disease understanding.

research Construction and Verification of Recombinant Follicle-specific Expression Vector

January 2011 in “Anhui nongye kexue”

The vector successfully directed specific gene expression in hair follicles.

research Against the Rules: Human Keratin K80

40 citations , September 2010 in “Journal of Biological Chemistry”

Keratin K80 is an ancient protein found in various tissues, important for cell structure and tissue differentiation.

research Sequence and expression of human hair keratin genes

19 citations , July 1994 in “Journal of Dermatological Science”

Human hair keratin genes are similar to mouse genes and are specifically expressed in hair follicles.

research Evolution of Trichocyte Keratins

18 citations , January 2018 in “Advances in experimental medicine and biology”

Hair keratins evolved from ancient proteins, diversifying through gene changes, crucial for forming claws and later hair in mammals.

research In vivo formation steps of the hard α-keratin intermediate filament along a hair follicle: Evidence for structural polymorphism

22 citations , January 2006 in “Journal of Structural Biology”

Hair follicles form hard α-keratin filaments in four steps, showing structural differences.

research Autosomal Recessive Hypotrichosis with Woolly Hair Caused by a Mutation in the Keratin 25 Gene Expressed in Hair Follicles

50 citations , February 2016 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

A mutation in the KRT25 gene causes a rare hair disorder with thin, woolly hair.

research Heterozygous KRT32 variant is responsible for autosomal dominant loose anagen hair syndrome

May 2025

A KRT32 gene variant causes loose anagen hair syndrome.