515 citations
,
April 2003 in “Endocrine Reviews” Androgens and DHEA can help prevent breast cancer and improve health in women.
57 citations
,
August 1995 in “British Journal of Dermatology” Acne severity is linked to higher levels of certain androgenic hormones, even when those levels are within the normal range.
42 citations
,
February 1985 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology” Excessive hair growth can be assessed by history, exam, and blood tests, and treated with medication like dexamethasone, birth control pills, and spironolactone.
6 citations
,
April 2004 in “Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry” New progesterone-based compounds can block male hormones.
22 citations
,
January 2017 in “Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology/The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology” A new method accurately measures nine specific hormones in human blood.
5 citations
,
February 2019 in “Neuroscience letters” Hormones during puberty increase certain receptors in the brain, and this change is influenced by estrogen levels.
11 citations
,
October 2020 in “General and comparative endocrinology” Male C57BL/6 mice show age-related fluctuations in certain hormones and their ratios in both blood and hair.
4 citations
,
August 2024 in “PLoS ONE” Both injectable contraceptives lower testosterone and SHBG levels, with NET-EN having a greater effect than DMPA-IM.
9 citations
,
August 1952 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” A 17-year-old female with adrenogenital syndrome produces very high levels of androgens, which prevent complete feminization despite high estrogen doses.
12 citations
,
May 2005 in “Current obstetrics and gynaecology/Current obstetrics & gynaecology” Hirsutism is too much hair growth in women like the pattern in men, often caused by high male hormones, and can be treated with hormone control and hair removal methods.
52 citations
,
June 2013 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” The research found that anovulatory young women have higher androgen and hormone levels than those who ovulate, suggesting immature hormonal regulation rather than a specific condition.
8 citations
,
April 2022 in “Trends in cancer” Hormone therapy affects cancer risks in transgender individuals differently than in cisgender people, and more research is needed to understand these risks and improve cancer screening guidelines.
November 2025 in “European Journal of Endocrinology” Hair steroid profiling is a feasible, non-invasive alternative to serum analysis for assessing hormone levels and metabolism.
September 2004 in “Fertility and Sterility” Norplant implants lower some androgen levels but don't significantly change sexual function.
December 2023 in “International journal of molecular sciences” Chromosomal differences affect how muscle cells respond to testosterone.
November 2024 in “Psychoneuroendocrinology” Testosterone increases hair testosterone levels, stress raises hair cortisol, and relationship status affects hormone levels.
18 citations
,
March 2002 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” Estrogen increases blood vessel growth factor production, while testosterone blocks this increase.
October 2020 in “Authorea (Authorea)” Men and women react differently to opioids, with hormones potentially influencing these differences.
31 citations
,
January 1995 in “The American journal of medicine” Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone play a role in women's health issues like excess hair and baldness, and treatments blocking these hormones may help.
71 citations
,
June 2006 in “Human Reproduction” Women with PCOS who have low SHBG are more likely to have low good cholesterol and metabolic syndrome.
49 citations
,
October 1988 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” Leuprolide effectively reduces hair growth in hirsute women at higher doses.
January 2014 in “Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)”
166 citations
,
October 2018 in “Endocrine Reviews” Hormone treatments for transgender individuals generally improve mental health and physical transition, with some health risks that require medical supervision.
Sex hormones likely did not affect COVID-19 outcomes in South Korea.
November 2022 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” A transman experienced lasting virilization symptoms after stopping testosterone, which were resolved with estradiol treatment.
July 2025 in “Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology” Early androgen exposure affects hormone receptor expression in adult female rats' brains, but not in males.
October 2025 in “F1000Research” Postmenopausal women with excess male hormones may have ovarian tumors, and surgery usually cures them.
855 citations
,
June 2009 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” The guideline recommends mental health involvement in diagnosing gender identity disorder and outlines hormone and surgical treatment protocols, emphasizing safety, informed consent, and long-term monitoring.
118 citations
,
September 2004 in “Clinics in Dermatology” Hormones, especially androgens, play a big role in acne, but most acne sufferers don't have a hormone disorder. Hormonal treatments, including birth control pills, can be very effective for women whose acne doesn't improve with regular treatments.
70 citations
,
February 2012 in “Human Reproduction” Many young women who donate blood have hormonal disorders like excess male hormones and PCOS.