5 citations
,
July 1987 in “European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology” The treatment temporarily improved symptoms of hyperandrogenism in adolescents.
Finasteride reduces prostate size and DHT in male mastomys but not in females.
21 citations
,
September 1994 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism”
November 2014 in “Elsevier eBooks” Gene mutations can cause problems in male genital development.
March 2024 in “The journal of sexual medicine” The therapies improved ejaculation disorders and sexual function in middle-aged men.
4 citations
,
August 2024 in “PLoS ONE” Both injectable contraceptives lower testosterone and SHBG levels, with NET-EN having a greater effect than DMPA-IM.
22 citations
,
January 2001 in “Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin” Some new progesterone derivatives are better at blocking testosterone conversion than a common drug.
3 citations
,
January 2021 in “Andrology” Low androgen levels reduce nitric oxide production in rat penile cells.
19 citations
,
July 2019 in “Journal of Endocrinology” GTx-024 and Danazol affect the uterus like DHT, while GTx-007 has little impact.
1 citations
,
May 2019 in “The Journal of Sexual Medicine” Spironolactone may cause sexual pain and arousal issues in women, which can improve after stopping the drug and using hormone cream.
12 citations
,
February 1975 in “Journal of Steroid Biochemistry” The treatment changed hormone levels and increased sexual behavior in female capuchin monkeys.
July 2007 in “Journal of Reproduction & Infertility” Short-term finasteride use likely doesn't harm male fertility.
77 citations
,
June 2015 in “Nature Reviews Urology” Some common medications can harm male fertility, but many effects can be reversed.
22 citations
,
September 1994 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” Finasteride reduces dihydrotestosterone, increases testosterone, and may treat hirsutism in women.
8 citations
,
January 1987 in “Gynecological Endocrinology” Flutamide, an antiandrogen, has minimal impact on female rat endocrine systems and does not significantly change their reproductive cycles.
October 2025 in “Frontiers in Toxicology” A new method effectively predicts estrogen-related health effects for early screening.
January 2008 in “Journal of Medicinal Chemistry” Finasteride may cause sexual and psychological side effects by affecting an enzyme related to epinephrine.
31 citations
,
September 2020 in “Clinical endocrinology” Some antiandrogens may lower testosterone better than others, but it's unclear which is best for feminization in transgender women; more research is needed.
February 2023 in “riUfes (Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo)” High testosterone affects blood vessel function, with estrogen playing a key role in maintaining heart health.
55 citations
,
June 2012 in “Steroids” Testosterone affects vascular cells directly without converting to estradiol.
9 citations
,
August 1992 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” 2 citations
,
January 2017 in “Endocrinology” Testosterone and its metabolites have varied effects on different body systems, especially during puberty.
26 citations
,
February 2009 in “Drug Development Research” 17α-estradiol is a safe estrogen that might protect the brain and doesn't cause feminization, needing more research for treating brain diseases.
August 2025 in “International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review” Glyphaea brevis and Monodora myristica can protect against finasteride's harmful effects on blood and oxidative stress in male rats.
46 citations
,
December 1992 in “The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology” Affected males are born with ambiguous genitalia, raised as females, but develop male traits at puberty due to enzyme deficiency.
3 citations
,
January 2022 in “Journal of neuroendocrinology” Sex hormones affect brain cells differently in males and females.
January 2004 in “Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)” Finasteride blocks progesterone's effect on brain activity linked to epilepsy.
16 citations
,
August 2014 in “International Journal of Women's Health” The estradiol valerate/dienogest oral contraceptive helps with heavy periods, may improve acne and symptoms in PCOS, and doesn't affect sexual function.
11 citations
,
September 2012 in “Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada” Testosterone therapy seems safe for short-term use in postmenopausal women with low sexual desire, but more research on long-term effects is needed.