A Double-Layer Scaffold Composed of 3D Bioprinted Layer of Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor and Electrospun Nanofibers of Abietic Acid for Full Thickness Skin Repair

This study presents a biopolymer-based two-layer wound dressing designed to enhance wound healing by integrating granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) for tissue regeneration and abietic acid for anti-inflammatory effects. The dressing's lower layer is 3D-printed with sodium alginate and other components, while the upper layer consists of electrospun nanofibers. The optimized formulation showed a 93% swelling ratio and a 94% biodegradation rate, indicating suitable hydration and degradation for wound environments. In vitro tests demonstrated a 168% increase in cell viability, and in vivo tests on a rat model showed 94% wound closure by day 15, with complete re-epithelialization and organized collagen deposition. This dual-layer dressing offers a promising strategy for advanced wound care by providing structural support, controlled release of bioactive agents, and improved cellular response.