Acral Vitiligo: A Comprehensive Review of Clinical Features, Pathogenesis, and Novel Therapeutic Advances

This review addresses acral vitiligo, a challenging subtype affecting hands and feet, known for its treatment resistance and significant psychosocial impact. It synthesizes current knowledge on its epidemiology, clinical presentations, and pathophysiology, while evaluating recent diagnostic and therapeutic advances. The review highlights the potential of Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors and biologic agents in treatment, and emphasizes the psychosocial burden on patients. It identifies key gaps, such as the absence of acral-specific outcome measures and comparative trials, and suggests future research directions to enhance patient outcomes.