Insights Into the Cardiomodulatory Effects of Sex Hormones: Implications in Transgender Care

Gender-affirming hormone therapy in transgender individuals is linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, as highlighted by recent evidence and a statement from the American Heart Association. This review emphasizes the need for cardiovascular-focused clinical management and further research into the effects of such therapy. It discusses known cardiovascular risk factors and potential molecular mechanisms from limited animal studies. The scarcity of data in this area underscores the necessity for future research to better inform clinicians and improve the quality of life for transgender patients through precision medicine.