Immunomodulatory Potential and Biocompatibility of Chitosan-Hydroxyapatite Biocomposites for Tissue Engineering

Chitosan–hydroxyapatite (CS-HAp) biocomposites show promise for tissue engineering due to their excellent biocompatibility, with cell viability rates over 95% and minimal cytotoxicity. They modulate the immune environment by enhancing anti-inflammatory cytokines and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines in both in vitro and in vivo models. Structurally, they have varying pore sizes and porosities, with high swelling ability and controlled degradation. These composites support cellular activities crucial for tissue integration and healing. However, understanding the mechanisms of immune modulation and addressing formulation variability are necessary for clinical application, highlighting the need for further research and standardization.