Extracellular Vesicles in Age-Related Diseases: Disease Pathogenesis, Intervention, and Biomarker

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a crucial role in age-related diseases by transporting bioactive molecules that influence cellular pathways, offering potential as therapeutic tools and biomarkers. In skin aging and androgenic alopecia, EVs from specific stem cells enhance autophagy, collagen synthesis, and hair growth. In Alzheimer's disease, EVs contribute to pathogenesis but also show therapeutic promise by reducing amyloid-beta levels. EVs are explored for their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and serve as early diagnostic biomarkers. Despite promising findings, challenges such as insufficient EV production and lack of standardized protocols hinder clinical translation, necessitating further research to optimize EV-based therapies.