Geranyl Acetate Attenuates Para-phenylenediamine-induced Cytotoxicity, DNA Damage, Apoptosis, and Inflammation in HaCaT Keratinocytes

This study identifies geranyl acetate (GA) as a promising plant-derived compound that offers protective effects against para-phenylenediamine (PPD)-induced toxicity in HaCaT keratinocytes. GA was found to be the most effective among 14 tested plant metabolites, significantly reducing cytotoxicity, DNA damage, apoptosis, and inflammation. It inhibited the DNA damage response pathway and suppressed apoptosis-related proteins, while also decreasing the phosphorylation of STAT3 and NF-κB p65, leading to the downregulation of several pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. These findings suggest GA's potential as a safer alternative to conventional therapies for managing PPD-induced adverse effects.