Bioconversion, Pharmacokinetics, and Therapeutic Mechanisms of Ginsenoside Compound K and Its Analogues for Treating Metabolic Diseases

Ginsenoside Compound K (CK) and its analogues show promise in treating metabolic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by enhancing insulin sensitivity, reducing inflammation, and promoting lipid metabolism. CK acts on key metabolic pathways, including AMPK and PPARγ, to regulate glucose and lipid metabolism. Despite its potential, CK's clinical application is limited by poor water solubility and bioavailability, but structural modifications and nanocarriers may improve these properties. CK analogues offer better bioavailability and reduced toxicity, making them potential drug candidates. However, further pharmacokinetic studies and clinical trials are needed to confirm CK's safety and effectiveness.