Mechanistic Insights into Plant-Derived Exosomes, Their Cross-Kingdom Effects, and Potential Biomedical Applications in Skin Wounds Repair

The review discusses the potential of plant-derived exosomes (PDEs) in skin wound repair, emphasizing their role in cross-kingdom communication and therapeutic applications. PDEs, containing RNAs, proteins, and secondary metabolites, can modulate signaling pathways like PI3K-Akt and TGF-β, influencing inflammation, cell migration, and tissue regeneration. Their natural biocompatibility and ability to cross biological barriers make them promising alternatives to synthetic wound-healing agents. Despite promising preclinical results, challenges such as isolation, stability, and regulatory issues hinder clinical translation. Future research should focus on understanding PDEs' mechanistic effects on human skin cells, optimizing production protocols, and conducting clinical trials to validate their safety and efficacy in treating chronic wounds and other skin conditions.