Microneedles: A Promising Therapeutic Strategy for Next-Generation Drug Delivery, Diagnosis, and Biosensing

Microneedles (MNs) represent a transformative advancement in drug delivery, offering a minimally invasive and painless alternative to traditional methods. Initially for transdermal delivery, MNs now serve as multifunctional platforms for diverse therapeutic agents, enhancing precision and bioavailability. They are integrated with biosensors and stimuli-responsive mechanisms for chronic disease treatment, such as diabetes and cancer, and are explored in plant science for agrochemical delivery. MNs are adaptable for use in challenging anatomical sites, enabling localized treatments. Despite challenges in material optimization and clinical translation, the integration of MNs with wearable tech and AI suggests a future of personalized, data-driven therapies.