All-Natural Immunomodulatory Bioadhesive Hydrogel Promotes Angiogenesis and Diabetic Wound Healing by Regulating Macrophage Heterogeneity

The study developed an all-natural hydrogel designed to regulate macrophage heterogeneity, promoting angiogenesis and diabetic wound healing. The hydrogel, made from protocatechuic aldehyde hybridized collagen, demonstrated bioadhesive, antibacterial, and reactive oxygen species scavenging properties. Crucially, it facilitated the conversion of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages to anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages without additional ingredients or interventions. This approach showed potential for clinical applications by shortening the inflammatory phase and accelerating the healing of diabetic wounds.