Recent advances on bioactive baghdadite ceramic for bone tissue engineering applications: 20 years of research and innovation (a review)

Over the past 20 years, calcium-silicate-based ceramics have been explored for bone tissue engineering, but challenges such as imbalanced degradation rates have persisted. To address these issues, trace elements like Zn, Mg, and Zr have been incorporated to enhance their properties. Baghdadite (Ca3ZrSi2O9) emerged as a promising ceramic due to its high bioactivity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, making it suitable for various biomedical applications, including coatings, fillers, and drug delivery systems. This review highlighted the significant potential of baghdadite in improving clinical outcomes and summarized key studies on its in vivo and in vitro behavior.