The Utilization of Sex Hormone Antibodies for Screening and Separation of Trace Biological Mixtures

The study explored the use of sex hormone antibodies to differentiate trace biological mixtures, specifically focusing on touch or trace evidence consisting of epidermal cells. By optimizing antibody staining with various concentrations of Alexa-conjugated antibodies targeting testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and estradiol, the researchers aimed to enhance the differentiation of male and female skin epithelial cells. Flow cytometry was used to assess antibody binding efficiency, and while not all individuals could be differentiated, improved signal and separation between male and female samples were achieved in some cases. The study concluded with a protocol for differentially labeling contributors with anti-steroid antibodies, which could simplify complex trace mixtures before DNA profiling in forensic casework.