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GlossaryPADI1

enzyme that modifies proteins, affecting hair and skin health

PADI1 stands for Peptidyl Arginine Deiminase Type 1, an enzyme that plays a role in the post-translational modification of proteins by converting arginine residues into citrulline. This process, known as citrullination, is important for the regulation of gene expression and the structural integrity of hair and skin. Mutations in the PADI1 gene can lead to skin and hair disorders, including certain forms of alopecia.

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research The citrullinating enzyme PADI4 governs progenitor cell proliferation and translation in developing hair follicles

September 2025 in “Science Advances”

PADI4 enzyme slows down cell growth in developing hair follicles.

research Co-expression of PADI isoforms during progenitor differentiation enables functional diversity

2 citations , October 2023 in “Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences”

Different PADI isoforms help cells develop diverse functions.

research Mutations in Three Genes Encoding Proteins Involved in Hair Shaft Formation Cause Uncombable Hair Syndrome

119 citations , November 2016 in “American journal of human genetics”

Mutations in three genes cause Uncombable Hair Syndrome, leading to frizzy hair that can't be combed flat.

research Peptidylarginine Deiminase Isoforms Are Differentially Expressed in the Anagen Hair Follicles and Other Human Skin Appendages

71 citations , June 2005 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

PAD enzymes play a key role in hair growth and structure.

research Reciprocal role of vitamin D receptor on β-catenin regulated keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation

49 citations , November 2013 in “The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology”

Vitamin D receptor helps control skin cell growth and hair development.

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