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GlossaryAndrogen Receptor

protein in cells that binds male hormones to regulate genes

The androgen receptor (AR) is a type of protein found inside cells that binds to androgens, which are male hormones like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. This binding activates the receptor, allowing it to enter the cell nucleus and influence the expression of specific genes, playing a crucial role in the development and maintenance of male characteristics, as well as in conditions like androgenic alopecia (male pattern baldness).

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research The effect of GGC and CAG repeat polymorphisms on the androgen receptor gene in response to finasteride therapy in men with androgenetic alopecia

1 citations , January 2019 in “Journal of Research in Medical Sciences”

Fewer GGC sequences in the androgen receptor gene improve finasteride treatment for hair loss.

research Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors in Androgenic Alopecia Versus Alopecia Areata

27 citations , April 1998 in “American Journal of Dermatopathology”

Estrogen and progesterone don't directly affect hair growth in androgenic alopecia and alopecia areata.

research Balding hair follicle dermal papilla cells contain higher levels of androgen receptors than those from non-balding scalp

227 citations , January 1998 in “Journal of Endocrinology”

Cells from balding scalps have more androgen receptors than cells from non-balding scalps.

A Phase IIA Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial to Study the Efficacy and Safety of the Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM), MK-0773 in Female Participants with Sarcopenia

research A phase IIA randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial to study the efficacy and safety of the selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM), MK-0773 in female participants with sarcopenia

211 citations , May 2013 in “Journal of Nutrition Health & Aging”

MK-0773 safely increased muscle mass but did not improve muscle strength or function in elderly women with sarcopenia.

Androgen Receptor Antagonists Structure-Activity Relationships

research Androgen Receptor Antagonists (Antiandrogens) Structure-Activity Relationships

204 citations , February 2000 in “Current Medicinal Chemistry”

Antiandrogens like flutamide are effective in treating conditions like prostate cancer and hair loss, but there's a need for more potent versions. Understanding their structure can help develop better treatments.

research Androgen Receptor Polymorphisms (CAG Repeat Lengths) in Androgenetic Alopecia, Hirsutism, and Acne

186 citations , July 1998 in “Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery”

Shorter CAG repeats may cause hair and skin issues, while longer ones may link to acne.

The Distribution of Estrogen Receptor Beta Is Distinct to That of Estrogen Receptor Alpha and the Androgen Receptor in Human Skin and the Pilosebaceous Unit

research The Distribution of Estrogen Receptor β Is Distinct to That of Estrogen Receptor α and the Androgen Receptor in Human Skin and the Pilosebaceous Unit

130 citations , June 2003 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings”

Estrogen Receptor ß (ERß) is the main hormone controller in human skin and hair follicles, not Estrogen Receptor α (ERα) or the Androgen Receptor (AR).

research Design, Synthesis, and Biological Characterization of Metabolically Stable Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators

129 citations , January 2004 in “Journal of medicinal chemistry”

Researchers developed new compounds that target the androgen receptor effectively with fewer side effects.

research The role of androgen and androgen receptor in skin-related disorders

124 citations , July 2012 in “Archives of Dermatological Research”

Targeting androgen receptors could be a promising way to treat skin disorders with fewer side effects.

research Skeletal Site-Dependent Expression of the Androgen Receptor in Human Osteoblastic Cell Populations

123 citations , December 1997 in “Calcified Tissue International”

Higher androgen levels and site-specific AR expression cause sex-related skeletal differences, and certain steroids can boost AR expression and androgen effects in bone cells.

research Androgen receptor–mediated inhibition of cutaneous wound healing

108 citations , September 2002 in “The Journal of clinical investigation/The journal of clinical investigation”

Lowering testosterone speeds up wound healing in male mice.

research Androgens and androgen receptor action in skin and hair follicles

100 citations , September 2017 in “Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology”

Male hormones and their receptors play a key role in hair loss and skin health, with potential new treatments being explored.

Polymorphisms of the Androgen Receptor Gene and the Estrogen Receptor Beta Gene Are Associated with Androgen Levels in Women

research Polymorphisms of the Androgen Receptor Gene and the Estrogen Receptor β Gene Are Associated with Androgen Levels in Women1

93 citations , June 2001 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism”

Certain genetic variations in the AR and ERβ genes can affect androgen levels in women.

research Visualising Androgen Receptor Activity in Male and Female Mice

89 citations , August 2013 in “PloS one”

Androgen receptors are active in many tissues of both male and female mice, not just reproductive organs.

Three-Month Treatment With a Long-Acting Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist of Patients With Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Effects on Tissue Androgen Concentration, 5α-Reductase Activity and Androgen Receptor Content

research Three-Month Treatment With a Long-Acting Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist of Patients With Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Effects on Tissue Androgen Concentration, 5α-Reductase Activity and Androgen Receptor Content*

82 citations , February 1989 in “The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism/Journal of clinical endocrinology & metabolism”

A three-month treatment with a GnRH agonist significantly lowered androgen levels and 5α-reductase activity in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia.

The E211 G>A Androgen Receptor Polymorphism Is Associated With a Decreased Risk of Metastatic Prostate Cancer and Androgenetic Alopecia

research The E211 G>A Androgen Receptor Polymorphism Is Associated with a Decreased Risk of Metastatic Prostate Cancer and Androgenetic Alopecia

76 citations , April 2005 in “Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention”

E211 G>A gene linked to lower risk of severe prostate cancer and hair loss.

The Transcriptional Co-Activator cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein-Binding Protein Is Expressed in Prostate Cancer and Enhances Androgen- and Anti-Androgen-Induced Androgen Receptor Function

research The Transcriptional Co-Activator cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein-Binding Protein Is Expressed in Prostate Cancer and Enhances Androgen- and Anti-Androgen-Induced Androgen Receptor Function

72 citations , January 2003 in “American Journal of Pathology”

A protein called CBP is found in prostate cancer and can increase the effectiveness of certain prostate cancer treatments.

research Revising the role of the androgen receptor in breast cancer

68 citations , April 2014 in “Journal of Molecular Endocrinology”

The document concludes that targeting the androgen receptor may be a promising breast cancer treatment, especially for certain types.

research Androgen receptors and their biology

66 citations , January 2001 in “Vitamins and hormones”

Androgen receptors are key for development and health, affecting conditions like prostate cancer and male pattern baldness.

Expression of mRNA for Androgen Receptor, 5α-Reductase, and 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase in Human Dermal Papilla Cells

research Expression of mRNA for androgen receptor, 5alpha-reductase and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in human dermal papilla cells

63 citations , November 1999 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement”

Hair sensitivity to androgens is partly controlled by specific enzyme expressions in different hair areas.

Vitamin D and Androgen Receptor-Targeted Therapy for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

research Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Androgen Receptor and Nerve Structure Density in Human Prepuce from Patients with Persistent Sexual Side Effects after Finasteride Use for Androgenetic Alopecia

36 citations , June 2014 in “PLOS ONE”

Finasteride, a hair loss drug, may cause long-term sexual side effects due to changes in hormone receptor levels.