22 citations
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January 1995 in “The American Journal of Medicine” Newer low-dose oral contraceptives with less androgenic effects improve patient compliance.
Oral contraceptives can affect skin and hair, improve acne, but may cause pigmentation, dermatitis, and other conditions.
6 citations
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September 2005 in “Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy” Androgen therapy can help with symptoms like low libido in women, but more research is needed to understand its long-term safety and effects on health.
9 citations
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January 2018 in “American Journal of Men's Health” Finasteride use can cause lasting negative effects like sexual dysfunction, depression, anxiety, and cognitive issues.
March 2023 in “Current Pharmaceutical Design” Spironolactone is effective for idiopathic hirsutism but has limited effects on other PCOS symptoms.
2 citations
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January 2017 in “Endocrinology” Testosterone and its metabolites have varied effects on different body systems, especially during puberty.
4 citations
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July 1983 in “Journal of steroid biochemistry/Journal of Steroid Biochemistry” Certain hormones can reduce skin oil and hair growth, potentially helping treat acne and excessive hair in women.
20 citations
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January 1999 in “Current Pharmaceutical Design” Antiandrogen therapy is effective and well tolerated for treating women's androgenic disorders like hirsutism, acne, and hair loss.
August 2024 in “Research Square (Research Square)” Using 5-alpha reductase inhibitors may lower the risk of breast cancer in females.
515 citations
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April 2003 in “Endocrine Reviews” Androgens and DHEA can help prevent breast cancer and improve health in women.
19 citations
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June 1999 in “Steroids” Different halogens on progesterone derivatives can either block or mimic male hormone effects, depending on their type and amount.
Cyproterone acetate with ethynyl estradiol significantly improved acne and seborrhea in women, but was less effective for hair loss and excessive hair growth.
22 citations
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January 2001 in “Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin” Some new progesterone derivatives are better at blocking testosterone conversion than a common drug.
4 citations
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January 2018 in “JBRA assisted reproduction” Orlistat helped reduce weight and testosterone in obese women with PCOS but did not significantly affect other androgens or cholesterol levels.
January 2014 in “edoc (University of Basel)” Anabolic steroids and inflammation can disrupt androgen metabolism, potentially causing health issues.
November 2022 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” A transman experienced lasting virilization symptoms after stopping testosterone, which were resolved with estradiol treatment.
35 citations
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November 1989 in “Journal of steroid biochemistry/Journal of Steroid Biochemistry” Epitestosterone may act as a weak antiandrogen and can inhibit an enzyme involved in testosterone metabolism.
35 citations
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April 2013 in “Sexual medicine reviews” 5-alpha reductase inhibitors slightly increase the risk of sexual and mood side effects, and breast growth in men.
11 citations
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July 1998 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” β-estradiol slows hair growth in mice.
31 citations
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September 2006 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” Testosterone therapy may slightly improve sexual function in postmenopausal women, but its long-term safety is unknown.
51 citations
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September 2002 in “Nutrition and Cancer” Dietary phytoestrogens do not significantly affect testicular cancer risk.
July 2025 in “Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology” Early androgen exposure affects hormone receptor expression in adult female rats' brains, but not in males.
8 citations
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February 2009 in “Current Women's Health Reviews” Testosterone treatment can improve sexual function and bone density in women but may have adverse effects and requires more research on safety and guidelines.
January 2006 in “Benzina: Revista d'excepcions culturals” Trienones are more effective at inhibiting the enzyme linked to hair loss than dienones.
5 citations
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January 2005 in “Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry” New steroids were effective in blocking male hormone receptors in hamster prostates.
120 citations
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April 2019 in “The Journal of clinical investigation/The journal of clinical investigation” Both estrogens and androgens are important for health in both males and females.
9 citations
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December 2009 in “Cancer Research” Both vaginal testosterone cream and Estring effectively manage vaginal dryness in women with early-stage breast cancer on aromatase inhibitors.
51 citations
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April 1999 in “The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology” Testosterone replacement may improve sexual desire and bone health in women with low androgen levels, but more research is needed on its long-term safety.
2 citations
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December 2013 in “Cancer research” Enobosarm may effectively treat androgen receptor-positive breast cancer with fewer side effects.
2 citations
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September 1971 in “Metabolism, clinical and experimental” Dihydrotestosterone has a reduced effect on muscle-building in people with testicular feminization syndrome, especially after their gonads are removed.