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Testosterone patches can modestly improve sexual function in postmenopausal women not on estrogen therapy.

Dihydrotestosterone makes arteries stiffer in female mice by reducing estrogen receptor expression.

Epitestosterone may counteract testosterone's effects and has roles in body processes like prostate growth and hair distribution.

Cyproterone acetate is a safe treatment that causes mild feminizing effects and is more effective with added estrogens.

Testosterone increases certain proteins in the uterus, reducing fluid volume.

Hormone therapy for breast cancer often leads to sexual issues like vaginal dryness and decreased libido.

Medicines for enlarged prostate may raise the risk of breast growth and tenderness but not breast cancer.

5-alpha reductase inhibitors may have additional effects on cancer, mental health, heart health, and hormone levels beyond treating prostate enlargement.

Antiandrogens are effective for conditions like prostate cancer and skin issues, but more research is needed to confirm their benefits and minimize side effects.

Both injectable contraceptives lower testosterone and SHBG levels, with NET-EN having a greater effect than DMPA-IM.

Finasteride may cause sexual and psychological side effects by affecting an enzyme related to epinephrine.

The effects of estrogen on human scalp hair growth are unclear and need more research.

Oestrogens help maintain healthy skin, heal wounds, and may protect against skin aging and cancer.

Cyproterone acetate is a safe treatment that causes modest feminization in transgender female adolescents, and works better with added estrogens.

Dutasteride is more effective for male pattern baldness than finasteride, and black cohosh extract BNO 1055 is as effective as conjugated estrogens in treating postmenopausal symptoms, with added benefits in reducing sweating and mental symptoms.

The body's change of testosterone into DHT is not necessary for testosterone's muscle and sexual effects.

Changes in testosterone and estrogen receptor genes can affect how men age, influencing body fat, hair patterns, and possibly leading to skin disorders.

Finasteride doesn't affect ovulation in normal women.

Taking 5 mg/day finasteride can cause side effects in women with hair loss, but these are usually mild and fade over time, making the treatment beneficial in the long run.

The document concludes that antiandrogenic drugs like cyproterone acetate and spironolactone are effective but not permanent treatments for skin-related androgenization in women.

Antiandrogens can treat acne, hirsutism, and seborrhea by reducing sebum production and androgen action.

Certain genetic variations in the AR and ERβ genes can affect androgen levels in women.

Estrogen helps promote hair growth in women with androgenetic alopecia.

Spironolactone can cause side effects like irregular bleeding, but lower doses may reduce these effects and still improve hirsutism.

Most patients tolerated spironolactone for acne and hirsutism despite common side effects like menstrual changes and breast tenderness.

Estrogen deficiency can reduce the enzyme activity needed to activate vitamin D.

The document concludes that various medications and treatments can have significant, sometimes adverse, effects on health outcomes.

Dihydrotestosterone changes some hormone-related gene expressions in rat pituitary glands but doesn't affect the estrous cycle.

Spironolactone may cause sexual pain and arousal issues in women, which can improve after stopping the drug and using hormone cream.