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GlossaryAntigen-Presenting Cells

help activate T-cells by displaying foreign antigens

Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs) are a type of immune cell that helps the body recognize and fight off pathogens. They capture antigens (foreign substances) and present them on their surface to T-cells, which then initiate an immune response. Examples of APCs include dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells.

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research Nanoparticle-Based Targeting of Vaccine Compounds to Skin Antigen-Presenting Cells By Hair Follicles and their Transport in Mice

119 citations , December 2008 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Nanoparticles can deliver vaccines through hair follicles, triggering immune responses and providing protection.

research A Chronic Contact Eczema Impedes Migration of Antigen-Presenting Cells in Alopecia Areata

24 citations , May 2006 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Chronic contact eczema may help hair regrowth in alopecia areata by reducing certain immune cell movement.

research Antigen presenting cells in the skin of a patient with hair loss and systemic lupus erythematosus.

9 citations , September 2009 in “PubMed”

Antigen presenting cells around hair follicles are crucial in SLE-related hair loss.

research Targeting of Skin Antigen-Presenting Cells

January 2010 in “Journal of Animal Science”

Transcutaneous vaccination using nanoparticles can enhance immune responses and reduce basal cell carcinomas.

research Particle-based transcutaneous administration of HIV-1 p24 protein to human skin explants and targeting of epidermal antigen presenting cells

30 citations , January 2014 in “Journal of Controlled Release”

This method is effective for needle-free HIV-1 vaccination by activating immune responses in the skin.

research 40nm, but not 750 or 1,500nm, Nanoparticles Enter Epidermal CD1a+ Cells after Transcutaneous Application on Human Skin

323 citations , April 2006 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Only 40 nm nanoparticles can enter skin cells effectively for potential vaccine delivery.

research Skin CD4+ memory T cells exhibit combined cluster-mediated retention and equilibration with the circulation

155 citations , May 2016 in “Nature communications”

Memory T cells in the skin balance staying put and moving into the blood, clustering around hair follicles, and increasing in number after infection.

research Follicular transport route – Research progress and future perspectives

211 citations , February 2009 in “European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics”

Hair follicles help absorb and store topical compounds, aiding targeted drug delivery.

research Size-dependent penetration of nanoemulsions into epidermis and hair follicles: implications for transdermal delivery and immunization

96 citations , April 2017 in “Oncotarget”

Smaller nanoemulsions can penetrate skin and hair follicles better, which may be useful for delivering drugs and vaccines through the skin.

research Delivery and targeting of nanoparticles into hair follicles

94 citations , September 2014 in “Therapeutic Delivery”

Nanoparticles can improve skin treatments by better targeting hair follicles, but more research is needed for advancement.

research Nanoparticle Adjuvants Incorporating Haptens Drive Potent Immune Tolerance to Accelerate Hair Regrowth

January 2025 in “ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces”

Nanoparticles with specific drugs can help regrow hair in alopecia areata.

T-Cell Induced-Self MHC Class I/Peptide Complexes May Enable De Novo Tolerance Induction to Neo-Antigens Occurring Outside of the Thymus

research T-cell “induced-self” MHC class I/peptide complexes may enable “de novo” tolerance induction to neo-antigens occurring outside of the thymus

8 citations , October 2016 in “Experimental dermatology”

Hair follicles may help teach the immune system to tolerate new self-antigens, but this can sometimes cause hair loss.

research Folliculotropic Mycosis Fungoides with Skewed T-cell Receptor CDR3 Motif: Suggestive of Lipid-antigen Selection?

3 citations , January 2017 in “Acta Dermato Venereologica”

Lipid-antigen stimulation may play a role in folliculotropic mycosis fungoides.

research 546 Epidermal growth factor receptor as a key regulator of the immune privilege

November 2022 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

EGFR is crucial for preventing hair follicle inflammation and hair loss.

Promotion Effect of Schisandra Nigra on Hair Growth

research Promotion effect of Schisandra nigra on the growth of hair

9 citations , March 2009 in “European Journal of Dermatology”

Schisandra nigra extract may help hair grow by stimulating cells and preventing hair follicle damage.

research Attending persistent T cell activation in alopecia areata : A therapeutic option

January 2011 in “Repository KITopen (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology)”

Blocking certain proteins on immune cells may help treat alopecia areata.

research Highly Upregulated Lhx2 in the Foxn1−/− Nude Mouse Phenotype Reflects a Dysregulated and Expanded Epidermal Stem Cell Niche

6 citations , May 2013 in “PloS one”

The Foxn1(-/-) nude mouse shows disrupted and expanded skin stem cell areas due to high Lhx2 levels.

research Establishment and characterization of five immortalized human scalp dermal papilla cell lines

16 citations , January 2018 in “Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications”

Researchers created five new human scalp cell lines that could be useful for hair growth and loss research.

research Immunology of the Human Nail Apparatus: The Nail Matrix Is a Site of Relative Immune Privilege

139 citations , October 2005 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

The nail matrix has a reduced immune response, protecting it from autoimmunity.

research Expression of CD1d in human scalp skin and hair follicles: hair cycle related alterations

16 citations , November 2005 in “Journal of Clinical Pathology”

CD1d expression in scalp skin and hair follicles changes with the hair cycle and may help protect against microbes.

research Allogeneic Hair Transplantation with Enhanced Survival by Anti-ICAM-1 Antibody with Short-Term Rapamycin Treatment in Nonhuman Primates

4 citations , October 2016 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Using an anti-ICAM-1 antibody with rapamycin improves hair transplant survival in monkeys.

research Regulatory T Cell Heterogeneity in the Steady State and Tumor

January 2026 in “Immune Network”

Regulatory T cells adapt to different environments to control inflammation and support tissue repair.

research 035 Expansion of bacterial phosphatidylglycerol reactive CD4+ T cells in atopic dermatitis

April 2021 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

People with atopic dermatitis have more CD4+ T cells that respond to a certain bacterial lipid, which may play a role in the skin condition's inflammation.

Why We Should Treat COVID-19 Long-Hauler Syndromes with Convalescent Plasma; Contained Suppressive Exosomes Are Likely COVID Antigen-Specific

research Why we should treat COVID-19 Long-Hauler Syndromes with Convalescent Plasma; Contained Suppressive Exosomes are likely COVID antigen-specific

January 2024 in “Authorea (Authorea)”

Convalescent Plasma Therapy may help treat COVID-19 Long-Hauler symptoms.

research A transcriptomic map of murine and human alopecia areata

26 citations , May 2020 in “JCI Insight”

Alopecia areata involves specific immune cells, offering potential treatment targets.

Pathogenetically Significant Risk Factors for Development of Androgenetic Alopecia

research PATHOGENETICALLY SIGNIFICANT RISK FACTORS FOR DEVELOPMENT ANDROGENETIC ALOPECIA.

June 2023 in “Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)”

Inflammation in hair follicles is a key risk factor for developing common baldness.

Proliferative, Lymphocytic, Infundibular Mural Folliculitis and Dermatitis with Prominent Follicular Apoptosis and Parakeratotic Casts in Four Labrador Retrievers: Preliminary Description and Response to Therapy

research Proliferative, lymphocytic, infundibular mural folliculitis and dermatitis with prominent follicular apoptosis and parakeratotic casts in four Labrador retrievers: preliminary description and response to therapy

10 citations , April 2013 in “Veterinary dermatology”

A new skin disease in four Labrador retrievers responded well to immunosuppressive treatment.

research In This Issue

August 2003 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Phosphatidic acid may promote hair growth like minoxidil.

research Resident macrophages of the lung and liver: The guardians of our tissues

4 citations , November 2022 in “Frontiers in Immunology”

Lung and liver macrophages protect our tissues and their dysfunction can cause various diseases.

research Orders & Contracts

December 2013 in “Pump Industry Analyst”

The method effectively delivers vaccines through the skin without needles.