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The study presents dandelion herb-derived carbon dots (DH-CDs) as a promising biocompatible antimicrobial agent for wound healing. These nanoparticles exhibit broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against bacteria like *S. aureus* and *E. coli*, with effective minimum inhibitory concentrations at different pH levels. DH-CDs disrupt bacterial membranes, inhibit energy metabolism, and modulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) to eradicate bacteria while protecting mammalian cells. In a murine model, DH-CDs significantly accelerated wound healing, outperforming commercial treatments by enhancing tissue repair and hair follicle regeneration. Their green synthesis, pH-responsive activity, and dual ROS regulation highlight their potential for treating bacteria-infected wounds.

Dandelion herb-derived carbon dots (DH-CDs) have been developed as a biocompatible antimicrobial agent with potential for wound healing. These nanoparticles exhibit broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 62.5 μg/mL at pH 7.4 and 31.25 μg/mL at pH 5.5. They disrupt bacterial membranes, inhibit energy metabolism, generate intracellular ROS, and inactivate antioxidant enzymes. DH-CDs can completely disrupt mature S. aureus biofilms at 300 μg/mL and show excellent biocompatibility, with a 10% hemolysis concentration exceeding 4000 μg/mL and over 95% viability of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts at 2000 μg/mL. They uniquely modulate ROS, eradicating bacteria while preserving mammalian cell redox homeostasis. In vivo, DH-CDs significantly accelerate wound healing in a murine model by promoting re-epithelialization, granulation tissue maturation, collagen deposition, and hair follicle regeneration, outperforming commercial wound healing sprays. These findings suggest DH-CDs as a promising candidate for treating bacteria-infected wounds.

This review discusses the potential of "smart" hydrogel dressings in enhancing wound healing for complex wounds like severe burns and chronic diabetic ulcers. These hydrogels mimic the extracellular matrix and can be engineered for multifunctionality, including drug delivery, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, and immunomodulation. They target key wound healing processes such as macrophage polarization and angiogenesis to promote tissue regeneration. The review also addresses challenges in clinical application, such as manufacturing and regulatory hurdles, and suggests future directions like theranostic platforms and personalized wound care based on individual patient profiles.