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GlossaryAromatase Inhibitors

block estrogen production by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme

Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs) are a class of drugs that block the enzyme aromatase, which is responsible for converting androgens into estrogens. By reducing estrogen levels, AIs are commonly used in the treatment of hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer in postmenopausal women, as estrogen can promote the growth of certain types of breast cancer cells.

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research Management of Sexual Dysfunction in Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Patients Taking Adjuvant Aromatase Inhibitor Therapy

90 citations , December 2007 in “Current Oncology”

Non-hormonal treatments should be used first for sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal breast cancer patients on aromatase inhibitors, with hormones as a second option.

research Effects of aromatase inhibitors on human osteoblast and osteoblast-like cells: A possible androgenic bone protective effects induced by exemestane

50 citations , December 2006 in “Bone”

Exemestane may protect bones by stimulating osteoblast growth through androgen-related pathways.

research Aromatase-independent testosterone conversion into estrogenic steroids is inhibited by a 5α-reductase inhibitor

44 citations , December 2005 in “The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology”

Combining 5α-reductase and aromatase inhibitors may better reduce estrogen levels.

research Intravaginal Testosterone Improves Sexual Satisfaction and Vaginal Symptoms Associated With Aromatase Inhibitors

37 citations , September 2018 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism”

Intravaginal testosterone cream improves sexual satisfaction and reduces vaginal discomfort in postmenopausal women on breast cancer treatment without affecting hormone levels.

research Aromatase inhibitor therapy and hair loss among breast cancer survivors

34 citations , November 2013 in “Breast Cancer Research and Treatment”

Aromatase inhibitor therapy for breast cancer increases the risk of hair loss and thinning.

research Aromatase inhibitors induce ‘male pattern hair loss’ in women?

19 citations , May 2013 in “Annals of Oncology”

Aromatase inhibitors cause male pattern hair loss in women.

research Reduced estradiol synthesis by letrozole, an aromatase inhibitor, is protective against development of pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling in mice

14 citations , October 2015 in “Neurochemistry International”

Letrozole may help prevent seizures by reducing certain hormone levels.

research A Phase II Study of Vaginal Testosterone Cream (TEST) vs. Estring for Vaginal Dryness or Decreased Libido in Women with Early Stage Breast Cancer (BC) Treated with Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs).

9 citations , December 2009 in “Cancer Research”

Both vaginal testosterone cream and Estring effectively manage vaginal dryness in women with early-stage breast cancer on aromatase inhibitors.

research Evaluation of dermatologic adverse events associated with aromatase inhibitors: insights from the FAERS database

2 citations , May 2025 in “Frontiers in Pharmacology”

Aromatase inhibitors can cause skin issues, especially with anastrozole and exemestane, so monitoring is important.

research Adverse events associated with aromatase inhibitors: an analysis of real-world datasets and drug-gene interaction network

1 citations , November 2024 in “Expert Opinion on Drug Safety”

Aromatase inhibitors can cause various adverse reactions, so monitoring is crucial.

research Aromatase inhibitor–induced hair loss in two adolescents

1 citations , September 2020 in “Pediatric Dermatology”

Two teenage boys lost hair after taking a drug for growth, which was not a known side effect for kids.

research Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships studies on steroidal aromatase and 5α-reductase inhibitors as anti-tumors

December 2013 in “Estudo Geral (Universidade de Coimbra)”

Modified steroidal inhibitors showed promise in treating hormone-dependent cancers.

research SAT-288 Successful Virilization of a PAIS Patient with a Missense Mutation In The Ligand-binding Domain Of The Androgen Receptor with Combined High-dose Testosterone and Aromatase Inhibitor

April 2019 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society”

A 12-year-old boy with PAIS successfully developed male characteristics using high-dose testosterone and anastrozole.

research A case of aromatase inhibitor‐induced alopecia successfully treated with low‐dose oral minoxidil

March 2023 in “Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology”

Low-dose oral minoxidil improved hair growth when topical treatments failed.

The Aromatase Inhibitor Fadrozole and the 5-Reductase Inhibitor Finasteride Affect Gonadal Differentiation and Gene Expression in the Frog Silurana Tropicalis

research The Aromatase Inhibitor Fadrozole and the 5-Reductase Inhibitor Finasteride Affect Gonadal Differentiation and Gene Expression in the Frog Silurana tropicalis

37 citations , January 2009 in “Sexual Development”

Fadrozole and Finasteride change frog sex ratios and cause intersex animals with altered gene expressions.

research CDK4/6 plus aromatase inhibitor-induced alopecia in breast cancer patients.

4 citations , May 2019 in “Journal of Clinical Oncology”

Some breast cancer treatments cause hair loss similar to male pattern baldness, which can be improved with minoxidil.

Amiodarone-Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis; Nilotinib-Associated Cerebrovascular Disease and Stroke; Pisa Syndrome Caused by Paliperidone; Macroglossia Associated with Methylprednisolone; Aromatase Inhibitor-Induced Male Pattern Baldness in Women; Acute Liver Failure Due to Etodolac

research Amiodarone-Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis; Nilotinib-Associated Cerebrovascular Disease and Stroke; Pisa Syndrome Caused by Paliperidone; Macroglossia Associated with Methylprednisolone; Aromatase Inhibitor-Induced “Male Pattern Baldness” in Women? Acute Liver Failure Due to Etodolac

August 2013 in “Hospital Pharmacy”

Certain medications can cause serious side effects, including skin reactions, stroke, muscle disorders, tongue swelling, hair loss in women, and liver failure.

research The Safety of Local Hormonal Treatment for Vulvovaginal Atrophy in Women With Estrogen Receptor-positive Breast Cancer Who Are on Adjuvant Aromatase Inhibitor Therapy: Meta-analysis

18 citations , August 2019 in “Clinical breast cancer”

Local hormonal treatment for vulvovaginal atrophy is likely safe for women with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer on aromatase inhibitors.

Sex Steroid Synthesis in Human Skin In Situ: The Roles of Aromatase and Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein in the Homeostasis of Human Skin

research Sex steroid synthesis in human skin in situ: The roles of aromatase and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein in the homeostasis of human skin

46 citations , May 2012 in “Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology”

Human skin produces sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone, influenced by ARO and StAR, which may affect skin elasticity and hair growth.

research Aromatase inhibition by letrozole attenuates kainic acid-induced seizures but not neurotoxicity in mice

11 citations , April 2018 in “Epilepsy research”

Letrozole reduces seizures but not brain damage in mice.

research Treatment options for polycystic ovary syndrome

514 citations , February 2011 in “International journal of women's health”

Different treatments for PCOS focus on the specific symptoms, with weight loss and lifestyle changes being important.

research Testosterone modulation of seizure susceptibility is mediated by neurosteroids 3α-androstanediol and 17β-estradiol

136 citations , January 2004 in “Neuroscience”

Testosterone increases seizure risk through its conversion to specific neurosteroids.

research Health and fertility in World Health Organization group 2 anovulatory women

88 citations , May 2012 in “Human Reproduction Update”

Women with PCOS may take longer to get pregnant but can have a normal family size, and should manage their overall health to reduce long-term health risks.

research Endocrine Therapy–Induced Alopecia in Patients With Breast Cancer

67 citations , April 2018 in “JAMA Dermatology”

Hair loss from hormone therapy in breast cancer patients can be improved with minoxidil treatment.

research Androgens and ovarian function: translation from basic discovery research to clinical impact

55 citations , May 2019 in “Journal of Endocrinology”

Androgens are important for female fertility and could help in IVF treatment, but also play a role in causing PCOS.

research Assessment of Quality of Life and Treatment Outcomes of Patients With Persistent Postchemotherapy Alopecia

43 citations , March 2019 in “JAMA Dermatology”

Hair regrowth treatments had modest benefits for patients with long-term hair loss after chemotherapy.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): French Endocrine Society Recommendations for Diagnosis and Management

research Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

40 citations , January 2010 in “Annales D Endocrinologie”

The French Endocrine Society suggests diagnosing PCOS with two of three signs, recommends lifestyle changes and clomiphene for treatment, and calls for more research on certain treatments and tests.

research Polycystic ovary syndrome and infertility: an update

26 citations , July 2021 in “International journal of adolescent medicine and health”

New treatments for PCOS are improving fertility and managing symptoms better.

research Bee pollen and honey for the alleviation of hot flushes and other menopausal symptoms in breast cancer patients

24 citations , May 2015 in “Molecular and clinical oncology”

Honey and bee pollen can help reduce menopausal symptoms in breast cancer patients.

research Preservation of Fertility in Transgender Men on Long-Term Testosterone Therapy: A Systematic Review of Oocyte Retrieval Outcomes During and After Exogenous Androgen Exposure

16 citations , June 2022 in “Transgender Health”

Oocyte retrieval is possible for transgender men on testosterone therapy without affecting fertility outcomes.