September 2025 in “Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise” Gender-affirming hormone therapy and surgery affect gut bacteria differently.
2 citations
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January 2017 in “Endocrinology” Testosterone and its metabolites have varied effects on different body systems, especially during puberty.
18 citations
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March 2020 in “Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology” The enzymes 5α-reductase and 3α/β-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase help create brain-active substances from progesterone and testosterone, which could be used for treatment, but more research is needed to ensure their safety and effectiveness.
4 citations
,
December 2002 in “Gynecological Endocrinology” Estrogens can slow skin aging after menopause, but can't restore youthful skin.
Women with androgenetic alopecia have normal levels of most blood steroids and binding proteins, but higher dehydroepiandrosterone. Some also have low "sex hormone-binding globulin" and "corticosteroide-binding globulin" capacity, and high "free androgen index" and "free cortisol index". Diane treatment can normalize these levels and improve hair conditions.
October 2024 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Estrogen alone can lower testosterone in some transfeminine people.
January 2026 in “Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience” Neurosteroids like neuro-estrogen and neuro-androgen are crucial for brain function and can improve cognition and protect against aging-related decline.
15 citations
,
June 1986 in “Pediatric Dermatology” Androgens increase pigmentation in young hamsters, but estrogens can reverse this effect.
1 citations
,
April 2022 in “AACE clinical case reports” A 36-year-old person with a female appearance but male chromosomes was diagnosed with a rare enzyme deficiency affecting sexual development.
24 citations
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November 2007 in “Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy” New and future treatments for male hypogonadism include various forms of testosterone therapy and emerging drugs.
17 citations
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March 2016 in “Liver international” Men with advanced liver disease and high oestrone and low testosterone levels have worse health outcomes.
9 citations
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March 2023 in “GeroScience”
204 citations
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May 2014 in “The Journal of Sexual Medicine” Hormone therapy for trans individuals is effective and generally safe in the short term.
7 citations
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January 1971 in “Archives of Dermatological Research”
20 citations
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October 2017 in “Clinical Endocrinology” The conclusion is that removing both ovaries is the best treatment for excess male hormones in postmenopausal women, with medication as another option, and managing insulin resistance is important for diagnosis and treatment.
19 citations
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March 2004 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” Testosterone and letrozole treatment speeds up puberty in boys with delayed development.
403 citations
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November 2005 in “Journal of Endocrinology” Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a prohormone important for producing sex steroids and has potential health benefits.
3 citations
,
January 2022 in “Journal of neuroendocrinology” Sex hormones affect brain cells differently in males and females.
10 citations
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March 1999 in “Comparative Haematology International” Androgens increase EPO production, finasteride doesn't significantly impact it.
October 2025 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Goserelin injections can effectively manage hyperandrogenism symptoms in postmenopausal women who can't have surgery.
12 citations
,
February 1975 in “Journal of Steroid Biochemistry” February 2026 in “British Journal of Sports Medicine” Transgender women have similar fitness to cisgender women, while transgender men have higher fat and lower strength than cisgender men; hormone therapy affects body composition and strength.
February 1976 in “PubMed” Sex hormone therapy is effective for certain skin conditions like acne and seborrhea, but less so for female hair loss and excessive hair growth.
January 2026 in “Journal of Sexual and Mental Health” New male contraceptive pills show promise in reducing sperm production with mild side effects.
6 citations
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November 1980 in “Clinical Endocrinology” Measuring plasma testosterone glucosiduronate is a reliable way to detect high male hormone levels in women.
13 citations
,
August 1995 in “The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology” The activity of a specific rat enzyme in the prostate and epididymis is highly dependent on the acidity level.
Testosterone works in different ways, including direct interaction with its receptor, conversion to other hormones for specific effects on genitalia, hair, bones, and muscle, and changes in body fat and sexual function when low.
September 1978 in “Journal of steroid biochemistry/Journal of Steroid Biochemistry”
June 2020 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)” 17α-estradiol extends lifespan and improves metabolism in male mice through the estrogen receptor α.
37 citations
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December 2003 in “Reproductive Toxicology” The assay effectively detects hormonal activity of certain chemicals.