88 citations
,
September 2003 in “Clinical endocrinology” Hormone treatment for transsexual individuals is effective but carries risks like thromboembolic events and mood changes, with most side effects being minor and reversible.
81 citations
,
May 2007 in “Fertility and Sterility” Testosterone therapy seems safe for postmenopausal women for a few years, but more research is needed for long-term effects.
63 citations
,
March 2011 in “Clinical Endocrinology” Evaluate postmenopausal women with high androgen levels using medical history, physical exams, lab tests, and imaging to manage health risks.
49 citations
,
February 2009 in “Maturitas” Short-term testosterone therapy in women seems safe with few mild side effects, but long-term effects need more research.
42 citations
,
May 2016 in “Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology” Fat cells are important for tissue repair and stem cell support in various body parts.
41 citations
,
October 2017 in “International Journal of Women's Dermatology” Most pregnant women experience skin darkening and hair changes, with these effects usually going away after giving birth.
37 citations
,
February 2013 in “Maturitas” Testosterone therapy is beneficial for women's health and does not cause masculinization or liver damage, and it protects the heart and breasts.
37 citations
,
September 2003 in “Journal of Medicinal Chemistry” A substance called Compound 2g can strongly block STS (a hormone-related enzyme) without affecting estrogen levels, making it potentially good for treating breast cancer.
36 citations
,
May 2017 in “The journal of sexual medicine” Cyproterone acetate treatment is safe and causes mild feminization, which increases with added estrogen.
35 citations
,
April 2013 in “Sexual medicine reviews” 5-alpha reductase inhibitors slightly increase the risk of sexual and mood side effects, and breast growth in men.
35 citations
,
February 1993 in “International Journal of Dermatology” Cosmetic procedures can trigger pemphigus, an autoimmune disease.
34 citations
,
May 2013 in “Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology” Hair growth slows and shedding increases after childbirth, but most women don't experience excessive hair loss.
33 citations
,
November 2012 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology” FPHL common in Taiwanese women; risk factors include BMI, high glucose, early puberty, fewer childbirths, oral contraceptives, and UV exposure.
32 citations
,
September 2018 in “Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology” Hormone therapy for transgender females increases the risk of blood clots and requires careful dosing, monitoring, and lifelong management.
32 citations
,
January 2006 in “Acta dermato-venereologica” SACUMAN, a rare condition causing hair loss without clear signs, is often misdiagnosed and needs scalp biopsies for accurate detection.
31 citations
,
September 2020 in “Clinical endocrinology” Some antiandrogens may lower testosterone better than others, but it's unclear which is best for feminization in transgender women; more research is needed.
30 citations
,
January 2008 in “Dermatologic Surgery” Dermatologists perform most outpatient cosmetic procedures in the U.S., especially on white women aged 40 to 59.
29 citations
,
February 2019 in “Environment international” Higher early lead exposure is linked to delayed puberty in girls.
29 citations
,
March 2017 in “International Journal of Women's Dermatology” Hormone therapies like birth control pills and spironolactone are safe and effective for treating women's adult acne.
29 citations
,
May 2010 in “Annals of Pharmacotherapy” Finasteride may help some women with hair loss, but better options exist.
25 citations
,
September 2014 in “Pharmacotherapy” Hormone therapy can improve mental health and quality of life for people with gender dysphoria, but long-term effects need more research.
25 citations
,
August 2006 in “Human Reproduction” Oral contraceptives lower testosterone levels in women, especially those with certain genetic traits, and may be linked to increased breast cancer risk.
24 citations
,
July 1980 in “Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health” High doses of norethindrone acetate in rats caused various organ changes but didn't significantly increase tumor rates.
23 citations
,
October 2016 in “Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health” The document concludes that health care providers should offer culturally competent care and more research is needed to improve health outcomes for transgender individuals.
22 citations
,
October 2018 in “British Journal of Haematology” Women have a higher risk of blood clots from hormonal factors and need careful treatment, especially during pregnancy.
21 citations
,
June 2010 in “Anais Brasileiros De Dermatologia” The document reports the first Brazilian case of a girl with Becker nevus syndrome, characterized by skin changes, breast underdevelopment, and scoliosis.
20 citations
,
May 1998 in “PEDIATRICS” African-American girls tend to start puberty earlier than white girls, possibly due to increased androgen production.
15 citations
,
March 2018 in “Cancer Medicine” Alopecia areata patients have varied cancer risks, with some cancers being lower and others higher.
12 citations
,
February 2011 in “Equine veterinary education” A mare had severe symptoms and died from a large lymphoma.
11 citations
,
May 2022 in “World Journal of Biological Chemistry” Progesterone may help trans women with breast development and health, but more research is needed.