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GlossaryCD4

protein on immune cells crucial for signaling and HIV entry

CD4 is a type of protein found on the surface of certain immune cells, such as T-helper cells. These cells play a crucial role in the immune system by signaling other cells to perform their functions. CD4 is also the primary receptor that HIV uses to enter and infect these immune cells, which can lead to a weakened immune system.

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research Skin CD4+ memory T cells exhibit combined cluster-mediated retention and equilibration with the circulation

155 citations , May 2016 in “Nature communications”

Memory T cells in the skin balance staying put and moving into the blood, clustering around hair follicles, and increasing in number after infection.

research Hyaluronate Fragments Reverse Skin Atrophy by a CD44-Dependent Mechanism

135 citations , December 2006 in “PLoS Medicine”

Hyaluronate fragments can help reverse skin thinning by working with the CD44 receptor.

research The Human Hair Follicle: A Reservoir of CD40+ B7-Deficient Langerhans Cells that Repopulate Epidermis After UVB Exposure

99 citations , April 1998 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Hair follicles help skin immune recovery after UVB exposure.

research Transient CD44 Variant Isoform Expression and Reduction in CD4+/CD25+ Regulatory T Cells in C3H/HeJ Mice with Alopecia Areata

77 citations , June 2002 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

CD44 variant changes start alopecia areata, but don't maintain it.

research PD-1+CXCR5−CD4+T cells are correlated with the severity of systemic lupus erythematosus

71 citations , May 2019 in “Rheumatology”

Tph cells are linked to the severity of systemic lupus erythematosus.

CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Regulatory Tregs Inhibit Fibrocyte Recruitment and Fibrosis via Suppression of FGF-9 Production in the TGF-β1 Exposed Murine Lung

research CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Regulatory Tregs inhibit fibrocyte recruitment and fibrosis via suppression of FGF-9 production in the TGF-Î²1 exposed murine lung

39 citations , May 2014 in “Frontiers in Pharmacology”

Special immune cells called Tregs can help prevent lung scarring by blocking a specific growth factor.

research In vivo CD44‐CD49d complex formation in autoimmune disease has consequences on T cell activation and apoptosis resistance

33 citations , October 2006 in “European Journal of Immunology”

The CD44-CD49d complex boosts T cell activation and survival in autoimmune disease.

research Anti-CD44-mediated blockade of leukocyte migration in skin-associated immune diseases

30 citations , April 2007 in “Journal of Leukocyte Biology”

Blocking CD44 can reduce leukocyte migration in autoimmune skin diseases.

research The CD44+ALDH+ Population of Human Keratinocytes Is Enriched for Epidermal Stem Cells with Long-Term Repopulating Ability

28 citations , January 2013 in “Stem cells”

Certain human skin cells marked by CD44 and ALDH are rich in stem cells capable of long-term skin renewal.

Diphencyprone and Topical Tacrolimus as Two Topical Immunotherapeutic Modalities: Are They Effective in the Treatment of Alopecia Areata Among Egyptian Patients? A Study Using CD4, CD8, and MHC II as Markers

research Diphencyprone and topical tacrolimus as two topical immunotherapeutic modalities. Are they effective in the treatment of alopecia areata among Egyptian patients? A study using CD4, CD8 and MHC II as markers

13 citations , June 2010 in “Journal of dermatological treatment”

Diphencyprone is effective for treating patchy hair loss in alopecia areata, but tacrolimus is not.

Spectrum of Mucocutaneous Manifestations in HIV-Infected Patients and Its Correlation with CD4 Lymphocyte Count

research Spectrum of mucocutaneous manifestations in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients and its correlation with CD4 lymphocyte count

12 citations , July 2014 in “International Journal of STD & AIDS”

HIV patients with lower CD4 T cell counts often have more skin problems.

DMBA/TPA Treatment Is Necessary for Basal Cell Carcinoma Formation from Patched Deficient Epidermal Cells in Ptch Flox/Flox CD4Cre +/- Mice

research DMBA/TPA Treatment Is Necessary for BCC Formation from Patched Deficient Epidermal Cells in Ptch flox/flox CD4Cre +/− Mice

11 citations , March 2014 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Genetic mutation and carcinogen treatment are both needed for skin cancer to develop in these specific mice.

research CD49fhigh Defines a Distinct Skin Mesenchymal Stem Cell Population Capable of Hair Follicle Epithelial Cell Maintenance

11 citations , September 2019 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

A specific group of skin stem cells was found to help maintain hair follicle cells.

research Letters: CD4+ Lymphocytopenia in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

10 citations , January 1994 in “Annals of Internal Medicine”

CD4+ lymphocytopenia can occur in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

research Hyaluronate Accumulation and Decreased CD44 Expression in Perifollicular Solitary Cutaneous Myxoma

9 citations , January 2002 in “Dermatology”

Reduced CD44 expression may cause abnormal hyaluronate buildup in cutaneous myxoma.

research CD44 signaling in skin wound healing and regeneration

8 citations , August 2025 in “Journal of Translational Medicine”

CD44 signaling can help heal wounds without scars.

research Mucocutaneous Manifestations in HIV-Infected Patients and Their Relationship to CD4 Lymphocyte Counts

7 citations , August 2020 in “Scientifica”

Most HIV-positive patients had skin problems, and conditions like oral thrush and boils were linked to weaker immune systems.

CD80CD86 Deficiency Disrupts Regulatory CD4+FoxP3+ T Cell Homeostasis and Induces Autoimmune-Like Alopecia

research CD80CD86 deficiency disrupts regulatory CD4+FoxP3+T cell homoeostasis and induces autoimmune-like alopecia

6 citations , April 2017 in “Experimental dermatology”

CD80CD86 deficiency causes hair loss by disrupting regulatory T cells.

research CUTANEOUS MANIFESTATIONS OF HIV-INFECTION IN RELATION WITH CD4 CELL COUNTS IN HADOTI REGION

6 citations , September 2013 in “Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences”

Low CD4 counts in HIV patients are linked to more skin disorders.

research CD44 expression in alopecia areata and androgenetic alopecia

5 citations , June 1994 in “Journal of Cutaneous Pathology”

No CD44 in alopecia areata, present in normal and androgenetic alopecia.

research Predominance of CD27-PD-1- Effector Memory T Cells Re-Expressing CD45RA Characterizes Treatment-Resistant Severe Alopecia Areata

2 citations , June 2025 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

CD8+ T cells re-expressing CD45RA may predict treatment resistance in severe alopecia areata.

research CD4 expression controls epidermal stem cell balance

1 citations , February 2025 in “Scientific Reports”

CD4 is crucial for maintaining skin stem cell balance and aiding wound healing.

research CD4 T cells from mice with alopecia areata express an effector like phenotype and can transfer disease

1 citations , May 2023 in “The Journal of Immunology”

CD4 T cells can cause alopecia areata by activating CD8 T cells to attack hair follicles.

Astilbin Activates the Reactive Oxidative Species/PPARγ Pathway to Suppress Effector CD4+ T Cell Activities via Direct Binding With Cytochrome P450 1B1

research Astilbin Activates the Reactive Oxidative Species/PPARγ Pathway to Suppress Effector CD4+ T Cell Activities via Direct Binding With Cytochrome P450 1B1

1 citations , May 2022 in “Frontiers in Pharmacology”

Astilbin can potentially calm overactive immune responses, like in Type 1 Diabetes, by suppressing certain cell activities and reducing inflammation.

Characterization of CD4+ Stem Cells of the Skin and Their Role in Skin Homeostasis and Tumorigenesis

research Characterisation of CD4+ stem cells of the skin and their role in skin homeostasis and tumourigenesis

1 citations , January 2021

CD4+ skin cells may be precursors to basal cell carcinoma.

research LB1031 Immune Cell-Mediated Amplification of Stem Cell Activation in Hairy Melanocytic Nevus via Osteopontin-CD44 Axis

1 citations , July 2024 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Immune cells boost stem cell activity in hairy moles, causing more hair growth.