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GlossaryCell Differentiation

process where cells become specialized in structure and function

Cell differentiation is the process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type, acquiring distinct structures and functions. This is crucial for the development of multicellular organisms, allowing cells to form tissues and organs with specific roles, such as skin cells, muscle cells, or neurons.

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Nestin as a Marker of Unipotent Epithelial Progenitor Cell Differentiation into Outer Root Sheath Keratinocytes in Embryonic and Adult Hair Follicles

research Nestin as a marker of unipotent epithelial progenitor cell differentiation into outer root sheath keratinocytes in embryonic and adult hair follicles

May 2022 in “Research Square (Research Square)”

Nestin marks cells that can become a specific type of skin cell in hair follicles of both developing and adult mice.

Nestin as a Marker of Unipotent Embryonic and Adult Progenitors Differentiating into an Epithelial Cell Lineage of the Hair Follicles

research Nestin is a marker of unipotent embryonic and adult progenitors differentiating into an epithelial cell lineage of the hair follicles

1 citations , October 2022 in “Scientific reports”

Nestin identifies specific progenitor cells in hair follicles that can become outer root sheath cells.

Intrinsic Activation of Cell Growth and Differentiation in Ex Vivo Cultured Human Hair Follicles by a Transient Endogenous Production of ROS

research Intrinsic activation of cell growth and differentiation in ex vivo cultured human hair follicles by a transient endogenous production of ROS

9 citations , March 2019 in “Scientific reports”

Temporary ROS production in cultured human hair follicles promotes growth and stem cell activation.

research Cytokeratins as Markers of Follicular Differentiation

121 citations , December 2001 in “American Journal of Dermatopathology”

TB and BCC tumors show similar follicular differentiation patterns.

research Multipotent Neural Crest Stem Cell-Like Cells from Rat Vibrissa Dermal Papilla Induce Neuronal Differentiation of PC12 Cells

10 citations , January 2014 in “BioMed research international”

Rat whisker cells can help turn other cells into nerve cells and might be used to treat brain injuries or diseases.

research Abstract 5219: The role of MEK and Antizyme in keratinocyte stem cell expansion and differentiation

1 citations , April 2012 in “Cancer Research”

Antizyme reduces tumor growth and normalizes skin cell development affected by MEK.

research 576 A preliminary study of melanogenic markers in the differentiation of the human hair follicle melanin unit

November 2022 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

The study found markers indicating that cells responsible for hair color are differentiating in specific areas of the hair follicle.

research Histochemical and Immunohistochemical Markers for Human Eccrine and Apocrine Sweat Glands: An Aid for Histopathologic Differentiation of Sweat Gland Tumors

73 citations , November 2001 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings”

Markers help differentiate between apocrine and eccrine sweat glands to identify sweat gland tumors.

research LB1256 TRIV-509, a dual inhibitor of KLK5 and KLK7, rapidly improves barrier integrity and markers of epidermal differentiation in atopic dermatitis skin explants

July 2025 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

TRIV-509 quickly improves skin barrier and cell health in atopic dermatitis.

research Laminin 332 Is Indispensable for Homeostatic Epidermal Differentiation Programs

12 citations , May 2021 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Laminin 332 is essential for normal skin cell behavior and structure.

research Basal cell carcinoma possibly originates from the outer root sheath and/or the bulge region of the vellus hair follicle

107 citations , May 1999 in “Archives of Dermatological Research”

Basal cell carcinoma may start from parts of tiny hair follicles.

research Androgens induce sebaceous differentiation in sebocyte cells expressing a stable functional androgen receptor

31 citations , April 2015 in “Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology/The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology”

Androgens cause oil-producing skin cells with androgen receptors to mature and produce more oil.

research Nuclear Factor I-C promotes proliferation and differentiation of apical papilla-derived human stem cells in vitro

24 citations , February 2015 in “Experimental Cell Research”

NFIC helps human dental stem cells grow and become tooth-like cells.

research Impaired differentiation potential of CD34-positive cells derived from mouse hair follicles after long-term culture

2 citations , June 2022 in “Scientific reports”

Mouse hair follicle stem cells lose their ability to change into different cell types after being grown for a long time.

research Culture Strategy Determines the Differentiation Status of Sweat Gland Cells

October 2025 in “Cells”

3D culture better preserves sweat gland cell identity than 2D culture.

$Human Keratinocytes Derived from the Bulge Region of Hair Follicles Are Refractory to Differentiation$

research Human keratinocytes derived from the bulge region of hair follicles are refractory to differentiation

8 citations , April 2009 in “International journal of oncology”

Hair follicle cells resist turning into skin cells.

Gene Expression Analysis of Chondrogenic Markers in Hair Follicle Dermal Papilla Cells Under the Effect of Laser Photobiomodulation and Synovial Fluid

research Gene Expression Analysis of Chondrogenic Markers in Hair Follicle Dermal Papillae Cells Under the Effect of Laser Photobiomodulation and the Synovial Fluid

2 citations , July 2019 in “Journal of lasers in medical sciences”

Laser treatment and synovial fluid can change hair follicle cells to resemble joint cells, with the changes being more significant when both treatments are used together.

Vitamin D Receptor Is Required for Proliferation, Migration, and Differentiation of Epidermal Stem Cells and Progeny During Cutaneous Wound Repair

research Vitamin D Receptor Is Required for Proliferation, Migration, and Differentiation of Epidermal Stem Cells and Progeny during Cutaneous Wound Repair

46 citations , May 2018 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

The vitamin D receptor is essential for skin stem cells to grow, move, and become different cell types needed for skin healing.

research 889 Trpv3 gain-of-function mutation impairs differentiation of hair follicle inner root sheath

April 2019 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

A specific mutation in the TRPV3 gene causes hair follicle cells to develop improperly, leading to hair loss.

research Defining and targeting differentiation of non-melanoma skin cancer

June 2014

Basal cell carcinoma behaves like hair follicles and targeting specific pathways may help treat it.

research Early-age-dependent selective decrease of differentiation potential of hair-follicle-associated pluripotent (HAP) stem cells to beating cardiac-muscle cells

6 citations , July 2016 in “Cell cycle/Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex. Online)”

Younger mice's hair-follicle stem cells are better at turning into heart cells than older mice's.

research Differentiation of nestin-negative human hair follicle outer root sheath cells into neurons in vitro

5 citations , January 2017 in “Molecular Medicine Reports”

Human hair follicle cells can be turned into neural stem cell-like cells, which might help treat brain diseases.

research CD34 defines melanocyte stem cell subpopulations with distinct regenerative properties

41 citations , April 2019 in “PLOS genetics”

CD34+ and CD34- melanocyte stem cells have different regenerative abilities.

research Twist1 is required for the development of UVB‐induced squamous cell carcinoma

11 citations , March 2021 in “Molecular Carcinogenesis”

Twist1 is crucial for UVB-induced skin cancer development.

research Alterations in the expression of specific epidermal keratin markers in the hairless mouse by the topical application of the tumor promoters 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate

12 citations , January 1987 in “Carcinogenesis”

TCDD changes skin cell growth and keratin production in mice.

research Organotypic Cocultures as Models to Study Cell-Cell and Cell-Matrix Interactions of Human Hair Follicle Cells

18 citations , January 1994 in “Skin Pharmacology and Physiology”

Human dermal fibroblasts and hair papilla cells help outer root sheath cells grow and develop properly.

research 8280186 Biomarkers for Occupational Hand Eczema: Improving Diagnostic Differentiation

October 2025

Certain biomarkers can help distinguish between irritant and allergic contact dermatitis.

research 1360 Fate tracing of DNA-damaged hair follicle stem cells and their seno-differentiation clearance out of the niche

April 2023 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Damaged hair follicle stem cells may leave the skin to help maintain youthfulness.

The Early Region of Trichodysplasia Spinulosa Polyomavirus Drives Proliferation, Altered Differentiation, and Ectopic Expression of Hair Follicle Differentiation Markers in Interfollicular Tail Epidermis

research LB1019 The early region of trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus drives proliferation, altered differentiation, and ectopic expression of hair follicle differentiation markers in interfollicular tail epidermis

July 2022 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

The early genes of a specific virus can cause abnormal skin cell growth and hair follicle changes.

Impact of Type 2 Cytokines on the Keratinocytes-Staphylococcus Aureus Interaction

research 1617 Impact of type 2 cytokines on the keratinocytes-s. aureus interaction

April 2023 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Type 2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 increase skin's vulnerability to Staphylococcus aureus, which could be important for treating atopic dermatitis.