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November 1994 in “Differentiation” Trichohyalin is found in non-hair tissues and works with filaggrin in certain skin areas and conditions.
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July 1991 in “Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects” Glycoproteins are present in the cell membranes of various keratin fibers.
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September 2012 in “Biomacromolecules” Disulfide bonds make keratin in hair stronger and tougher.
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August 1998 in “FEBS Letters” Two new enzymes, PAD-R11 and PAD-R4, were cloned and showed activity, with PAD-R11 resembling epidermal enzymes.
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November 2000 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” PAD3 plays a key role in hair and skin protein structure and may be linked to skin diseases.
April 2026 in “Advanced Healthcare Materials” Detachable microneedles with chitin derivatives effectively promote hair regrowth in androgenic alopecia without toxicity.
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September 1999 in “Journal of Synchrotron Radiation” Keratinous tissues have multiple structural layers, including ordered keratin and lipid granules.
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May 2011 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” TCHHL1 is a protein important for hair growth, found in hair follicles.
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December 2015 in “The Journal of Cell Biology” Keratin is crucial for skin barrier formation and affects mitochondrial function.
January 2026 in “International Journal of Biological Macromolecules” Small KP peptide improves hair without reducing agents, while larger proteins need them for better results.
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April 2016 in “Journal of lipid research” Lipin-1 is important for skin cell differentiation and skin barrier function.
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May 2025 in “Natural Products and Bioprospecting” PEVIII is a promising treatment for Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis.
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April 2013 in “Immunotherapy” Inhibiting PLA2 enzymes may help treat inflammatory skin diseases like psoriasis and dermatitis.
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August 2016 in “Development” ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling complexes are crucial for gene regulation, cell differentiation, and organ development in mammals.
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April 2011 in “Biological Chemistry” Cathepsin E is crucial for normal skin cell differentiation and development.
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November 2011 in “British journal of pharmacology” Enzymes are classified into six types and are essential for many biological processes, with only a few targeted by drugs.
Transglutaminases help form strong hair by linking proteins, and can potentially alter hair properties.
February 2017 in “International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology” Human hair follicle stem cells can grow and turn into skin cells on chitosan templates, which may help in regenerative medicine.
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June 2025 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences” Chitosan and melatonin together improve wound healing and have potential in medicine and cosmetics.
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March 2019 in “Journal of lipid research” New probes were created to effectively measure specific enzymes involved in fat metabolism, which could help develop new drugs.
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January 2015 in “International journal for parasitology/International Journal for Parasitology” Epidermal keratinocytes start wound healing and inflammation after schistosome infection.
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February 2001 in “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences” A specific DNA region controls skin cell gene expression by working with certain proteins.
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Plakophilin 1 helps control skin cell immune responses to prevent excessive inflammation.
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April 1989 in “The Journal of Dermatology” Trichohyalin granules help inner root sheath cells in hair follicles harden by integrating with keratin filaments.
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December 2025 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences” Chitosan-based nanocomposites, especially with polyphenols, show promise for treating chronic wounds.
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December 2018 in “Inflammation and Regeneration” Phospholipase A2 enzymes play key roles in skin health and disease.