February 2026 in “British Journal of Sports Medicine” Transgender women have similar fitness to cisgender women, while transgender men have higher fat and lower strength than cisgender men; hormone therapy affects body composition and strength.
10 citations
,
January 2019 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology” Testosterone increases hair growth and acne in transgender men.
July 2023 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” Gender-affirming hormone therapy improves physical performance in trans men to the level of cisgender men, while in trans women, it increases fat mass and decreases muscle mass, with no advantage in physical performance after 2 years.
11 citations
,
May 2022 in “World Journal of Biological Chemistry” Progesterone may help trans women with breast development and health, but more research is needed.
February 2023 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology” Transgender patients on masculinizing hormones have higher hair loss rates than cisgender women.
7 citations
,
January 2019 in “Headache” Hormone therapy may increase migraines in transgender women and decrease them in transgender men; more research is needed on migraine management in transgender individuals.
July 2024 in “JPRAS Open” Lip feminization is important for transgender women, requiring personalized approaches and expert consultation for best results.
15 citations
,
September 2021 in “Frontiers in Endocrinology” Hormone therapy increases the risk of heart-related issues in transgender women and may affect heart health in transgender men.
1 citations
,
October 2023 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Testosterone treatment may affect heart response to stress in transgender men.
5 citations
,
September 2022 in “Facial Plastic Surgery & Aesthetic Medicine” Facial feminization surgery helps make facial features more feminine, improving patient satisfaction and safety.
32 citations
,
September 2018 in “Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology” Hormone therapy for transgender females increases the risk of blood clots and requires careful dosing, monitoring, and lifelong management.
6 citations
,
April 2019 in “Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America” Testosterone therapy for transmasculine individuals is generally safe with medical supervision, improves mental health, and has mixed effects on physical health.
22 citations
,
October 2018 in “British Journal of Haematology” Women have a higher risk of blood clots from hormonal factors and need careful treatment, especially during pregnancy.
February 2026 in “Cureus” Ciclosporin can cause excessive hair growth even with testosterone blockers.
5 citations
,
January 2023 in “Fertility and sterility” Doctors are preparing to potentially perform uterus transplants in transgender women, considering technical, hormonal, and ethical factors.
October 2022 in “Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies” GnRH-a or orchiectomy is more effective than anti-androgens for managing hormone levels in transgender women.
October 2025 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” The patient was satisfied with hormone therapy, and her epilepsy remained stable.
37 citations
,
May 2018 in “Transgender health” Oral estradiol works for many transgender women but needs personalized dosing and monitoring.
31 citations
,
September 2020 in “Clinical endocrinology” Some antiandrogens may lower testosterone better than others, but it's unclear which is best for feminization in transgender women; more research is needed.
8 citations
,
April 2022 in “Trends in cancer” Hormone therapy affects cancer risks in transgender individuals differently than in cisgender people, and more research is needed to understand these risks and improve cancer screening guidelines.
6 citations
,
May 2024 in “PLoS ONE” Most women felt positive after stopping oral contraceptive pills despite some side effects.
July 2025 in “Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism” The guideline emphasizes a multidisciplinary approach and informed consent for gender-affirming hormone treatment, with regular follow-ups and individualized care.
September 2021 in “Physiology News” The document concludes that more inclusive research involving the transgender community is needed, especially on the neovaginal microbiome of trans women.
April 2021 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Female authorship in dermatology publications increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, but women are still underrepresented in senior roles.
4 citations
,
July 2021 in “Dermatology and therapy” Hormone therapy increases facial and body hair in transgender men, while hair removal improves well-being in transgender women, but cost is a barrier as insurance often doesn't cover it. Dermatologists can use various treatments for these hair issues.
October 2020 in “Authorea (Authorea)” Men and women react differently to opioids, with hormones potentially influencing these differences.
41 citations
,
December 2016 in “International Journal of Women's Dermatology” Hormone therapy and surgeries for transgender individuals affect their skin and hair, requiring specific dermatologic treatments and respectful care.
23 citations
,
October 2016 in “Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health” The document concludes that health care providers should offer culturally competent care and more research is needed to improve health outcomes for transgender individuals.
April 2021 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Transgender patients on hormone therapy experience more acne and hair loss, but less skin inflammation.
2 citations
,
October 2022 in “Frontiers in genetics” Late diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia can greatly affect physical development, gender identity, and sexual health.