375 citations
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June 2013 in “Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular cell research” Cornification is how skin cells die to form the protective outer layer of skin, hair, and nails.
86 citations
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April 2009 in “Journal of anatomy” Hard skin features like scales, feathers, and hair evolved through specific protein changes in different animal groups.
73 citations
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January 2016 in “International review of cell and molecular biology” Cornification evolved from keratinization in vertebrates, with differences between mammals and sauropsids.
66 citations
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October 2002 in “Human molecular genetics online/Human molecular genetics” A gene mutation in mice causes skin defects and early death.
33 citations
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October 2012 in “Journal of Morphology” Reptile skin hardens by layering beta-proteins on keratin.
15 citations
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July 2004 in “Journal of morphology” Monotreme hair structure and protein distribution are similar to other mammals, but their inner root sheath cornifies differently, suggesting a unique evolution from reptile skin.
4 citations
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April 1989 in “The Journal of Dermatology” Trichohyalin granules help inner root sheath cells in hair follicles harden by integrating with keratin filaments.
February 2026 in “Nature Communications” A specific group of immune and skin cells may cause chronic inflammation in atopic dermatitis.
Cornification is the process where living skin cells die to create a protective barrier, and problems with it can cause skin diseases.
April 2018 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” The keratin network in mouse skin changes during cornification and affects the skin's protective barrier.
16 citations
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June 2015 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” The enzyme DHHC13 is essential for healthy hair and skin, and its deficiency leads to hair loss and skin problems.
1 citations
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December 1989 in “The Journal of Dermatologic Surgery and Oncology” To get certified in cosmetic surgery, doctors must pass exams and have specific experience; dermatologists are encouraged to get certified.
July 2005 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology”
March 1999 in “Hair transplant forum international” The document's conclusion cannot be determined from the provided text.
81 citations
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June 2012 in “European journal of human genetics” Inherited ichthyoses cause widespread skin scaling and thickening due to gene mutations.
January 2026 in “International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)” Unani medicine and modern dermatology both offer treatments for ichthyosis, a condition causing dry, scaly skin.
July 1998 in “Hair transplant forum international” The conclusion about the value of ABHRS certification cannot be determined from the text provided.
17 citations
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June 2012 in “Journal of experimental zoology. Part B, Molecular and developmental evolution” Hair in mammals likely evolved from glandular structures, not scales.
120 citations
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February 2009 in “Apoptosis” Understanding how cells die in the skin is important for treating skin diseases and preventing hair loss.
118 citations
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January 2004 in “European Journal of Cell Biology” Balanced protease activity is crucial for healthy skin and hair development.
83 citations
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February 1991 in “Development” Fos protein is crucial for cell transition to cornification in keratinized tissues.
82 citations
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January 2006 in “International review of cytology” Vertebrate skin evolved to be more specialized and complex, especially in land animals.
26 citations
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August 2007 in “Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger” Feathers become harder as they develop due to a change in keratin type.
25 citations
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January 2004 in “The International Journal of Developmental Biology” Research on skin disorders in humans and mice has improved understanding of hair and skin development.
22 citations
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November 2008 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” Cystatin M/E helps in the final stages of hair and nail formation by controlling certain enzymes.
20 citations
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September 2004 in “Journal of Anatomy” The inner root sheath evolved to help hair grow safely through the skin in mammals.
17 citations
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August 2014 in “The Anatomical Record” Scaffoldin helps form hard skin structures in chicken embryos.
16 citations
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September 2018 in “Scientific reports” Scientists created keratinocyte cell lines from human hair that can differentiate similarly to normal skin cells, offering a new way to study skin biology and diseases.
14 citations
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September 2006 in “OMICS A Journal of Integrative Biology” DNA microarrays help study skin diseases and biology, leading to advancements in understanding and treatment.
12 citations
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August 2022 in “Biochemical Journal” Different types of cell death affect skin health and inflammation, and understanding them could improve treatments for skin diseases.