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Pangolin scales evolved for protection, hardening with age, due to keratin gene diversification.
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January 2016 in “International review of cell and molecular biology” Cornification evolved from keratinization in vertebrates, with differences between mammals and sauropsids.
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June 2013 in “Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular cell research” Cornification is how skin cells die to form the protective outer layer of skin, hair, and nails.
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July 2023 in “Journal of developmental biology” Bird foot scales develop differently and can repair but not fully regenerate due to the lack of specialized stem cell areas.
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December 2018 in “Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B Molecular and Developmental Evolution” Corneous beta-proteins evolved uniquely in reptiles and birds, forming scales, claws, beaks, and feathers.
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March 2013 in “Biology Letters” Early tetrapod keratins evolved into toe pad proteins in amphibians and hair proteins in mammals.
August 2023 in “Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology” Onycholemmal horn is a rare nail tumor in elderly women, treated by surgical removal.
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September 2013 in “European Journal of Histochemistry” Keratins in Malayan pangolins vary by region, suggesting scales evolved from the tail towards the head.
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June 2012 in “European journal of human genetics” Inherited ichthyoses cause widespread skin scaling and thickening due to gene mutations.
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September 2004 in “American Journal of Dermatopathology” A rare nail bed cancer was successfully treated with no recurrence after 4 years.
Cornification is the process where living skin cells die to create a protective barrier, and problems with it can cause skin diseases.
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