February 2025 in “Animals” Understanding proteins in skin structures like claws and hair is crucial for future research.
April 2023 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” Deleting the Hoxc13 gene in frogs shows its crucial role in developing skin structures similar to hair.
May 2025 in “Journal of Developmental Biology” Jawless vertebrates have teeth proteins similar to those in mammalian hair and nails.
January 2013 in “Journal of Tissue Engineering and Reconstructive Surgery” Inserting hair follicle units improved the development of tissue-engineered skin.
January 2018 in “Stem cell biology and regenerative medicine” The nucleus is key in controlling skin growth and repair by coordinating signals, gene regulators, and epigenetic changes.
36 citations
,
November 2019 in “Molecular biology and evolution” Cysteine-rich keratins evolved independently in mammals, reptiles, and birds for hard skin structures like hair, claws, and feathers.
January 2024 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)” The gene Ascl4 is not necessary for the development of hair, teeth, or mammary glands.
8 citations
,
August 2016 in “Journal of pathology and translational medicine” CD99 is highly present in certain skin cells and could help treat skin conditions.
March 2023 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)” Scientists can now create skin with hair by reprogramming cells in wounds.
3 citations
,
September 2005 in “Experimental dermatology” The cornified envelope is crucial for skin's barrier function and involves key proteins and genetic factors.
7 citations
,
October 2024 in “Cells” Autophagy is essential for proper skin cell development and function.
22 citations
,
April 2020 in “Scientific reports” Changthangi goats have specific genes that help produce Pashmina wool.
15 citations
,
January 2012 in “Journal of Veterinary Science” Different dog breeds have varying skin thickness and protein expression in their skin.
August 2021 in “Annals of pathology and laboratory medicine” Most skin tumors in the study were benign, with squamous cell carcinoma being the most common malignant type.
1 citations
,
November 2014 in “Elsevier eBooks” Future research should focus on making bioengineered skin that completely restores all skin functions.
68 citations
,
April 2014 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Trichohyalin-like proteins are essential for the development of skin structures like hair, nails, and feathers.
2 citations
,
December 2022 in “Journal of toxicologic pathology” Skin structure complexity and variability are crucial for assessing skin toxicity in safety tests.
8 citations
,
January 2023 in “International journal of molecular sciences” Transglutaminase activity is important for skin and is found in both mammals and birds.
71 citations
,
June 2005 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” PAD enzymes play a key role in hair growth and structure.
April 2019 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Researchers fixed gene mutations causing a skin disease in stem cells, which then improved skin grafts in mice.
5 citations
,
August 2025 in “Journal of Radiation Research” Understanding skin reactions to radiation has improved, helping to reduce injuries and prevent skin cancer.
45 citations
,
April 2009 in “Journal of anatomy” Cat claws stay sharp by shedding their outer layer through microcracks formed during activities.
17 citations
,
February 2015 in “Cell Death and Disease” Inhibiting AP1 in mice skin causes structural changes and weakens the skin barrier.
7 citations
,
November 2014 in “Histochemistry and Cell Biology” The we/we wal/wal mice have defects in hair growth and skin layer formation, causing hair loss, useful for understanding alopecia.
25 citations
,
April 1949 in “The journal of experimental zoology” Testosterone applied to rabbit skin increases skin cell growth and changes skin structure.
February 2026 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences” 3D human skin models show promise for dermatology but face challenges in standardization and cost.
17 citations
,
August 2014 in “The Anatomical Record” Scaffoldin helps form hard skin structures in chicken embryos.
4 citations
,
June 2023 in “Journal of developmental biology” The skin systems of jawed vertebrates evolved diverse appendages like hair and scales from a common structure over 420 million years ago.
18 citations
,
January 2018 in “Advances in experimental medicine and biology” Hair keratins evolved from ancient proteins, diversifying through gene changes, crucial for forming claws and later hair in mammals.
10 citations
,
January 2010 in “Veterinary pathology” A new mutation in the hairless gene causes hair loss and skin wrinkling in mice.