4 citations
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November 2016 in “The Journal of Dermatology” Pili torti hair is fragile due to loose keratin filaments and weak disulfide bonds.
23 citations
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December 1977 in “Virchows Archiv B Cell Pathology” 11 citations
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January 2016 in “Biointerphases” The hair's outermost surface has multiple layers of lipids and proteins.
28 citations
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September 2013 in “European Journal of Histochemistry” Keratins in Malayan pangolins vary by region, suggesting scales evolved from the tail towards the head.
8 citations
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February 1968 in “Australian Journal of Zoology” The southern elephant seal's skin layer helps waterproof the skin by being tightly connected to hair shafts.
17 citations
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August 2014 in “The Anatomical Record” Scaffoldin helps form hard skin structures in chicken embryos.
17 citations
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February 1987 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology” The hair cuticle acts as a barrier against fungal infection, which occurs only deep within the hair follicle.
February 2025 in “Animals” Understanding proteins in skin structures like claws and hair is crucial for future research.
19 citations
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August 2012 in “Cell death and differentiation” Intu gene is crucial for hair follicle formation by helping keratinocytes differentiate through primary cilia.
64 citations
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April 1992 in “Differentiation” Sciellin is a protein that helps form protective layers in skin, hair, and nails.
September 2016 in “Journal of dermatological science” Epidermal stem cells use integrin β1 and α6 as markers and CD271+ cells help maintain skin health and heal wounds.
26 citations
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January 1964 in “Experimental Cell Research” 11 citations
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July 2022 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences” Tight junctions help control skin shedding and may be targets for treating certain skin conditions.
22 citations
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November 2008 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” Cystatin M/E helps in the final stages of hair and nail formation by controlling certain enzymes.
63 citations
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April 2005 in “Mechanisms of development” Mice with too much Claudin-6 have skin barrier problems and abnormal hair growth.
82 citations
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January 2006 in “International review of cytology” Vertebrate skin evolved to be more specialized and complex, especially in land animals.
1 citations
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September 2016 in “Journal of Dermatological Science” Claudin-1 is crucial for maintaining skin barrier and preventing inflammation.
2 citations
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March 1977 in “Journal of animal science/Journal of animal science ... and ASAS reference compendium” Defective mink guard hairs have split tips and missing cuticle cells, causing a metallic sheen.
17 citations
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February 2015 in “Cell Death and Disease” Inhibiting AP1 in mice skin causes structural changes and weakens the skin barrier.
33 citations
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October 2012 in “Journal of Morphology” Reptile skin hardens by layering beta-proteins on keratin.
31 citations
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July 2012 in “Journal of Lipid Research” ACBP is crucial for healthy skin in mice.
1 citations
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January 2020 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)” Weak cell junctions disrupt hair follicle stem cell rest.
31 citations
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August 2005 in “The American Journal of Dermatopathology” The study concluded that PKP1 is essential for skin integrity and hair growth, and its dysfunction causes the symptoms of ectodermal dysplasia/skin fragility syndrome.
April 2017 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” The protein CTCF is essential for skin development, maintaining hair follicles, and preventing inflammation.
12 citations
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January 2013 in “Acta Histochemica” Junctional proteins stabilize the inner root sheath and connect the companion layer in human hair.
June 2014 in “Experimental dermatology” The epidermis is crucial for hair growth.
118 citations
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January 2004 in “European Journal of Cell Biology” Balanced protease activity is crucial for healthy skin and hair development.
49 citations
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September 2004 in “Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology” Careful light microscopy is crucial for detecting mild cases of pili annulati, which weakens hair and varies widely in expression.
30 citations
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November 2005 in “The journal of investigative dermatology. Symposium proceedings/The Journal of investigative dermatology symposium proceedings” The lipid in human hair follicles acts as a barrier, similar to the skin's lipid layer.
44 citations
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October 1990 in “Archives of Dermatological Research” The connective tissue around hair follicles changes structure throughout the hair cycle.