Pangolin scales evolved for protection, hardening with age, due to keratin gene diversification.
10 citations
,
July 1984 in “British Journal of Dermatology” Epidermal cysts come from the skin, while pilar cysts come from hair follicles.
January 2015 in “Chinese Veterinary Science” Recognizing ultrastructures of cashmere goat hair follicles helps identify and locate follicle layers.
13 citations
,
September 2012 in “Cell & tissue research/Cell and tissue research” pCLCA2 protein may help maintain skin structure and function.
207 citations
,
September 1973 in “Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata” B-type hairs on female butterfly legs help them choose where to lay eggs.
24 citations
,
September 2002 in “Dermatologic Surgery” The study found that hair follicles are above muscle connections in the scalp, which may help protect stem cell areas.
January 2020 in “프로그램북(구 초록집)” The skin has two main layers, the epidermis and dermis, which work together and are essential for diagnosing skin conditions.
2 citations
,
January 2002 in “Zhiwu Yanjiu” Capitate trichomes have more endoplasmic reticulum and vacuoles, while peltate trichomes have more plastids and larger subcuticular spaces.
277 citations
,
July 2011 in “Journal of the Dermatology Nurses’ Association” The skin's layers protect, sense, and regulate the body's internal balance, but can be prone to cancer.
110 citations
,
August 2004 in “British Journal of Dermatology” The ventral matrix is the main source of the nail plate.
23 citations
,
February 1993 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”
6 citations
,
January 2009 in “Elsevier eBooks” The skin has multiple layers and cells, serves as a protective barrier, helps regulate temperature, enables sensation, affects appearance, and is involved in vitamin D synthesis.
119 citations
,
January 2000 in “British Journal of Dermatology” Different parts of the nail express different keratins, showing unique patterns of differentiation.
29 citations
,
November 2011 in “Veterinary pathology” The study found that mouse sweat glands develop before birth, mature after birth, and have specific keratin patterns.
50 citations
,
March 2001 in “Clinics in dermatology” Human hair is complex and grows in cycles starting from embryonic life.
20 citations
,
September 2004 in “Journal of Anatomy” The inner root sheath evolved to help hair grow safely through the skin in mammals.
124 citations
,
December 1988 in “Differentiation” Trichocytic differentiation starts in cells with epithelial cytokeratins, transitioning to trichocytic cytokeratins in hair and gradually in nails.
64 citations
,
April 1992 in “Differentiation” Sciellin is a protein that helps form protective layers in skin, hair, and nails.
January 1997 in “Elsevier eBooks” Hair and nails are skin parts that develop early and serve protective and functional roles.
February 1999 in “The anatomical record” Two mouse mutants have defective hair cuticle cross-linking.
9 citations
,
July 2019 in “Folia Morphologica” Brandt's hedgehog has thick skin on its back and many glands near its nostrils.
26 citations
,
January 1964 in “Experimental Cell Research” December 2004 in “Differentiation” 73 citations
,
January 2016 in “International review of cell and molecular biology” Cornification evolved from keratinization in vertebrates, with differences between mammals and sauropsids.
48 citations
,
July 1993 in “Archives of Dermatological Research” Merkel cells are abundant in facial vellus hair follicles, especially during the anagen phase.
Cellular flows and tissue mechanics guide feather follicle formation in birds.
2 citations
,
September 2002 in “Dermatologic Surgery” Each group of hair follicles on the scalp shares one muscle that helps control hair movement.
22 citations
,
December 2016 in “PloS one” A specific protein in chicken embryos links early skin layers to feather development.
31 citations
,
September 2016 in “PLoS ONE” Cell division orientation varies by body site and is linked to epidermal thickness and cell density.
Skin stem cells in hair follicles are important for touch sensation.