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GlossaryCytokeratins

fibrous proteins providing structural support in epithelial cells

Cytokeratins, also known as keratin proteins or CKs, are a group of fibrous structural proteins that form the intermediate filaments in epithelial cells. They provide mechanical support and help maintain the integrity of cells and tissues. In a clinical context, cytokeratins are often used as biomarkers in the diagnosis and study of various cancers, as their expression patterns can indicate the type and origin of a tumor.

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Human Epithelial Stem Cell Survival Within Their Niche Requires Tonic Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Signaling—Lessons From the Hair Follicle

research Human epithelial stem cell survival within their niche requires “tonic” cannabinoid receptor 1‐signalling—Lessons from the hair follicle

14 citations , February 2021 in “Experimental Dermatology”

Cannabinoid receptor-1 signaling is essential for the survival and growth of human hair follicle stem cells.

research Cytokeratin expression of apocrine and eccrine poromas with special reference to its expression in cuticular cells

37 citations , August 2000 in “Journal of Cutaneous Pathology”

Poromas are related to sweat duct cells, and CK patterns help distinguish apocrine poromas from other neoplasms.

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Hair Follicle Keratinocytes as a Potential Source for In Vitro Hair Follicle Cloning

research Peer Review #1 of "Induced pluripotent stem cells from human hair follicle keratinocytes as a potential source for in vitro hair follicle cloning (v0.1)"

November 2016

Human hair follicle cells can be turned into stem cells that may help clone hair for treating hair loss or burns.

research A Case of Trichoblastoma

January 2003 in “Linchuang pifuke zazhi”

A benign skin tumor was removed from a man's leg, and it didn't come back after 9 months.

Markers to Evaluate the Quality and Self-Renewing Potential of Engineered Human Skin Substitutes In Vitro and After Transplantation

research Markers to Evaluate the Quality and Self-Renewing Potential of Engineered Human Skin Substitutes In Vitro and after Transplantation

120 citations , August 2008 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Cytokeratin 19 and cytokeratin 15 are key markers for monitoring the quality and self-renewing potential of engineered skin.

research Decellularized Wharton's jelly matrix as a three dimensional scaffold for wound healing and hair regeneration applications

August 2016 in “KU ScholarWorks (The University of Kansas)”

Using Wharton's jelly stem cells and scaffolds can help regenerate skin and hair.

Co-Expression Pattern of VEGFR-2 With Indicators Related to Proliferation, Apoptosis, and Differentiation of Anagen Hair Follicles

research The co-expression pattern of VEGFR-2 with indicators related to proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation of anagen hair follicles

January 2023 in “Open Life Sciences”

VEGFR-2 activation is likely involved in hair follicle growth, survival, and development.

research Immunostaining study of cytokeratins in human hair follicle development

2 citations , May 2020 in “Anais brasileiros de dermatologia/Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia”

The study found that specific proteins are markers of hair follicle development in human fetuses.

research Comparative Characterization of Human Meibomian Glands, Free Sebaceous Glands, and Hair-Associated Sebaceous Glands Based on Biomarkers, Analysis of Secretion Composition, and Gland Morphology

March 2024 in “International journal of molecular sciences”

Meibomian glands are highly specialized and differ significantly from other sebaceous glands in structure and function.

research Cytokeratin expression in trichoblastic fibroma (small nodular type trichoblastoma), trichoepithelioma and basal cell carcinoma

87 citations , January 1999 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

Trichoblastic fibroma and basal cell carcinoma are similar but different from trichoepithelioma.

research Trichofolliculoma: case report with immunohistochemical study of cytokeratins

18 citations , March 2003 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement”

Trichofolliculoma has specific cytokeratin patterns that help in its diagnosis.

research Different keratin polypeptides in epidermis and other epithelia of human skin: a specific cytokeratin of molecular weight 46,000 in epithelia of the pilosebaceous tract and basal cell epitheliomas.

277 citations , October 1982 in “The Journal of Cell Biology”

Basal-cell epitheliomas and the pilosebaceous tract share a unique keratin, distinguishing them from other skin areas.

research Solid basal cell epithelioma (BCE) possibly originates from the outer root sheath of the hair follicle.

61 citations , August 1993 in “PubMed”

Basal cell epithelioma likely starts from the hair follicle's outer root sheath.

research An Exploratory In Vivo Study on the Effect of Annurca Apple Extract on Hair Growth in Mice

1 citations , December 2022 in “Current Issues in Molecular Biology”

Annurca apple extract improved hair growth in mice and could potentially prevent hair loss.

research The pathogenesis of alopecia areata

January 2015

Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disease affecting hair follicles and may harm heart health.

research In Vitro Assembly and Structure of Trichocyte Keratin Intermediate Filaments

91 citations , December 2000 in “The journal of cell biology/The Journal of cell biology”

Scientists successfully created mouse hair proteins in the lab, which are stable and similar to natural hair.

Brassica Oleracea Extract, Glucosinolates, And Sulforaphane Promote Hair Growth In Vitro And Ex Vivo

research Brassica oleracea extract, glucosinlates, and sulforaphane promote hair growth in vitro and ex vivo

2 citations , April 2021 in “Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology”

Brassica oleracea extract, glucosinlates, and sulforaphane can boost hair growth and might be used to treat hair loss.

research [Experimental study on vascular endothelial growth factor 165 gene-modified rat hair follicle stem cells mediated by lentiviral vector].

February 2014 in “PubMed”

Modified rat hair follicle stem cells can help create artificial hair follicles, blood vessels, and skin.

research Patterns of expression of trichocytic and epithelial cytokeratins in mammalian tissues. I. Human and bovine hair follicles

248 citations , April 1988 in “Differentiation”

Human and bovine hair follicles have distinct cytokeratins specific to hair-forming cells.

research New aspects of galectin functionality in nuclei of cultured bone marrow stromal and epidermal cells: biotinylated galectins as tool to detect specific binding sites

89 citations , October 2003 in “Biology of the Cell”

Galectin-1 helps in RNA processing in cell nuclei.

research Patterns of expression of trichocytic and epithelial cytokeratins in mammalian tissues II. Concomitant and mutually exclusive synthesis of trichocytic and epithelial cytokeratins in diverse human and bovine tissues (hair follicle, nail bed and matrix, lingual papilla, thymic reticulum)

187 citations , May 1988 in “Differentiation”

Trichocytic cytokeratins are found in hair, nails, tongue, and thymus cells, showing complex regulation in tissue development.

research Patterns of expression of trichocytic and epithelial cytokeratins in mammalian tissues

124 citations , December 1988 in “Differentiation”

Trichocytic differentiation starts in cells with epithelial cytokeratins, transitioning to trichocytic cytokeratins in hair and gradually in nails.

research The complement of native α-keratin polypeptides of hair-forming cells: A subset of eight polypeptides that differ from epithelial cytokeratins

198 citations , October 1986 in “Differentiation”

Unconventional Protein Secretion of Keratin 75 by Ameloblasts In Vivo

research The Functional Diversity of Epidermal Keratins Revealed by the Partial Rescue of the Keratin 14 Null Phenotype by Keratin 16

53 citations , September 1999 in “The journal of cell biology/The Journal of cell biology”

K16 can partially replace K14 but causes hair loss and skin issues.

Induction of Hair Follicle Dermal Papilla Cell Properties in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Multipotent LNGFR(+)THY-1(+) Mesenchymal Cells

research Induction of hair follicle dermal papilla cell properties in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived multipotent LNGFR(+)THY-1(+) mesenchymal cells

42 citations , February 2017 in “Scientific Reports”

Researchers found a way to create cells from stem cells that act like human cells important for hair growth and could be used for hair regeneration treatments.

research Cytokeratin 15 expression in central, centrifugal, cicatricial alopecia: new observations in normal and diseased hair follicles

14 citations , January 2011 in “Journal of Cutaneous Pathology”

CK15 is not a reliable marker for stem cells in damaged hair follicles from patients with CCCA.