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GlossaryCytokeratins

fibrous proteins providing structural support in epithelial cells

Cytokeratins, also known as keratin proteins or CKs, are a group of fibrous structural proteins that form the intermediate filaments in epithelial cells. They provide mechanical support and help maintain the integrity of cells and tissues. In a clinical context, cytokeratins are often used as biomarkers in the diagnosis and study of various cancers, as their expression patterns can indicate the type and origin of a tumor.

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research The Autoimmune Regulator (AIRE), Which Is Defective in Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy-Candidiasis-Ectodermal Dystrophy Patients, Is Expressed in Human Epidermal and Follicular Keratinocytes and Associates With the Intermediate Filament Protein Cytokeratin 17

24 citations , February 2011 in “The American journal of pathology”

AIRE protein, defective in APECED patients, is found in skin and hair cells and interacts with cytokeratin 17.

Characterization of a Cluster of Human High/Ultrahigh Sulfur Keratin-Associated Protein Genes Embedded in the Type I Keratin Gene Domain on Chromosome 17q12-21

research Characterization of a Cluster of Human High/Ultrahigh Sulfur Keratin-associated Protein Genes Embedded in the Type I Keratin Gene Domain on Chromosome 17q12-21

98 citations , June 2001 in “Journal of biological chemistry/The Journal of biological chemistry”

A cluster of sulfur-rich hair protein genes was found on chromosome 17.

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Hair Follicle Keratinocytes as a Potential Source for In Vitro Hair Follicle Cloning

research Peer Review #1 of "Induced pluripotent stem cells from human hair follicle keratinocytes as a potential source for in vitro hair follicle cloning (v0.1)"

November 2016

Human hair follicle cells can be turned into stem cells that may help clone hair for treating hair loss or burns.

research Transgenic mouse models support HCR as an effector gene in the PSORS1 locus

37 citations , June 2004 in “Human molecular genetics online/Human molecular genetics”

The HCR gene contributes to psoriasis risk.

3D-Printed Degradable Hair Follicle Hanging Drop Scaffolds Integrated With Tissue Engineered Skin Promotes Hair Follicle Regeneration In Vitro

research 3D-Printed degradable hair follicle hanging drop scaffolds integrated with tissue engineered skin promotes hair follicle regeneration in vitro

February 2025 in “International Journal of Bioprinting”

3D-printed scaffolds help regenerate hair follicles in lab-grown skin.

research 200 The relationship between the expression of cytokeratin 5/6 and clinicopathologic factors in invasive breast carcinoma

March 2010 in “Ejc Supplements”

CK 5/6 expression in breast cancer is linked to negative hormone receptor status and higher tumor grade.

research Immunolocalization of cytokeratins in some freshly fixed bovine epithelia.

4 citations , January 1991 in “PubMed”

Different bovine tissues show varying types of cytokeratins.

research Keratinisation status and cytokeratins of the human Meibomian gland epithelium

5 citations , September 2009 in “Acta Ophthalmologica”

Hyper-keratinisation in Meibomian glands contributes to gland dysfunction.

research Cytokeratin expression in trichoblastic fibroma (small nodular type trichoblastoma), trichoepithelioma and basal cell carcinoma

87 citations , January 1999 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

Trichoblastic fibroma and basal cell carcinoma are similar but different from trichoepithelioma.

research Follicular Stem Cells in Androgenetic Alopecia

January 2015 in “Journal of Cytology and Histology”

Hair loss in Androgenetic Alopecia is not caused by damage to follicular stem cells.

research Solid basal cell epithelioma (BCE) possibly originates from the outer root sheath of the hair follicle.

61 citations , August 1993 in “PubMed”

Basal cell epithelioma likely starts from the hair follicle's outer root sheath.

research The pathogenesis of alopecia areata

January 2015

Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disease affecting hair follicles and may harm heart health.

research [An immunohistochemical study on cell differentiation in the outer root sheath of the normal human anagen hair follicles with antikeratin monoclonal antibodies].

6 citations , December 1990 in “PubMed”

Keratinocytes in hair follicles differentiate similarly to skin cells, with specific patterns in different regions.

research Are the Meibomian glands “hair follicles without a hair shaft” ?

2 citations , September 2010 in “Acta Ophthalmologica”

Meibomian glands are like hair follicles without a hair shaft.

research Desmoplastic tricholemmoma in a dog

4 citations , January 2017 in “Journal of veterinary medical science”

A dog had a rare skin tumor called desmoplastic tricholemmoma.

research A Novel Type II Cytokeratin, mK6irs, is Expressed in the Huxley and Henle Layers of the Mouse Inner Root Sheath

45 citations , March 2001 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

A new protein, mK6irs, is found in specific hair layers and may help understand hair growth and diseases.

research A Novel Human Type II Cytokeratin, K6hf, Specifically Expressed in the Companion Layer of the Hair Follicle

139 citations , December 1998 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

K6hf is a unique protein found only in a specific layer of hair follicles.

research UNCONVENTIONAL PROTEIN SECRETION OF KERATIN 75 BY AMELOBLASTS IN VIVO

April 2018 in “D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)”

Keratin-75 is secreted by ameloblasts in a unique way without a signal peptide.

research Assessment of markers expressed in human hair follicles according to different skin regions

6 citations , July 2018 in “Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine”

Different body parts have varying levels of certain hair follicle markers.

research Cutaneous Hybrid Cyst in a Sprague-Dawley Rat

1 citations , January 2012 in “Journal of Toxicologic Pathology”

A rat had a cyst similar to a hair follicle structure.

17β-Estradiol May Control Human Hair Follicle Growth Also via Up-Regulating the Expression of Cannabinoid Receptor Type 1

research 1370 17β-estradiol may control human HF growth also via up-regulating the expression of cannabinoid receptor type1 expression

April 2018 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

17β-estradiol may help hair growth by increasing cannabinoid receptor type 1.

research Stem cell markers (cytokeratin 15, CD34 and nestin) in primary scarring and nonscarring alopecia

54 citations , January 2009 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

Scarring alopecia affects different hair follicle stem cells than nonscarring alopecia, and the infundibular region could be a new treatment target.

research Cytokeratin 15 expression in central, centrifugal, cicatricial alopecia: new observations in normal and diseased hair follicles

14 citations , January 2011 in “Journal of Cutaneous Pathology”

CK15 is not a reliable marker for stem cells in damaged hair follicles from patients with CCCA.

A Cell Membrane-Level Approach to Cicatricial Alopecia Management: Is Caveolin-1 a Viable Therapeutic Target in Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia?

research A Cell Membrane-Level Approach to Cicatricial Alopecia Management: Is Caveolin-1 a Viable Therapeutic Target in Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia?

4 citations , May 2021 in “Biomedicines”

Targeting the protein Caveolin-1 might help treat a type of scarring hair loss called Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia.

research Establishment of dermal sheath cell line from Cashmere goat and characterizing cytokeratin 13 as its novel biomarker

2 citations , March 2018 in “Biotechnology Letters”

Scientists created a new cell line from Cashmere goat hair and found that cytokeratin 13 is a unique marker for certain skin cells.

The Human Type I Keratin Gene Family: Characterization of New Hair Follicle Specific Members and Evaluation of the Chromosome 17q21.2 Gene Domain

research The human type I keratin gene family: Characterization of new hair follicle specific members and evaluation of the chromosome 17q21.2 gene domain

70 citations , December 2004 in “Differentiation”

The study identified and characterized new keratin genes linked to hair follicles and epithelial tissues.

research 1375 Cutaneous adnexal cysts revisited: A novel classification based on morphological and molecular features

April 2018 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

The conclusion introduces a new way to classify skin cysts using their shape and genetic markers.

research Expression of Keratin 75 (K6hf) in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

2 citations , January 2011 in “Dental Medicine Research”

Keratin 75 might be important in oral cancer progression.

research Conditional knock out of N-WASP in keratinocytes causes skin barrier defects and atopic dermatitis-like inflammation

27 citations , July 2017 in “Scientific Reports”

N-WASP is essential for healthy skin and preventing inflammation.

research Immunohistochemical expression of cytokeratin 15, cytokeratin 19, follistatin, and Bmi-1 in basal cell carcinoma

10 citations , December 2015 in “International Journal of Dermatology”

CK 15, follistatin, and Bmi-1 can help differentiate basal cell carcinoma from squamous cell carcinoma.