The FDA did not approve a testosterone drug because of safety concerns.
July 2023 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” Gender-affirming hormone therapy improves physical performance in trans men to the level of cisgender men, while in trans women, it increases fat mass and decreases muscle mass, with no advantage in physical performance after 2 years.
April 2021 in “IntechOpen eBooks” Androgens, male hormones, affect physical and mental functions, with a decrease leading to health issues like muscle loss, bone disease, and depression, and more research is needed on long-term effects and treatments.
2 citations
,
July 2025 in “Journal of Ovarian Research” Going to bed late may increase hormones and decrease muscle in women with PCOS.
43 citations
,
April 2011 in “AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism” Androgens increase muscle mass by promoting myoblast growth through ornithine decarboxylase.
14 citations
,
January 2018 in “Advances in Clinical Chemistry” The document concludes that hormonal biomarkers are key for diagnosing hyperandrogenemia in women and hypogonadism in men.
September 2012 in “African Journal of Urology” Testosterone replacement therapy improves libido, mood, muscle strength, and bone density in men with Testosterone Deficiency Syndrome.
43 citations
,
January 2016 in “International Journal of Andrology” Finasteride caused long-term sexual and non-sexual side effects in young men with hair loss.
1 citations
,
September 2022 in “Journal of Medical Case Reports” Rehabilitation therapy helped a severe COVID-19 patient regain muscle mass and return to normal life.
16 citations
,
January 2003 in “Nuclear Receptor Signaling” Androgens and SARMs play a role in body mass, frailty, skin health, and hair growth, and are used in treating prostate cancer, acne, and hair loss, with potential for new uses and improved versions in the future.
2 citations
,
March 2012 in “Nature Reviews Endocrinology” The body's change of testosterone into DHT is not necessary for testosterone's muscle and sexual effects.
Testosterone works in different ways, including direct interaction with its receptor, conversion to other hormones for specific effects on genitalia, hair, bones, and muscle, and changes in body fat and sexual function when low.
April 2020 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” An ovarian tumor caused a woman's male-like symptoms, which improved after surgery.
26 citations
,
March 2001 in “PubMed” Men's fertility and sexual health decline with age, with reduced testosterone and virility, and many lose fertility by their eighties.
204 citations
,
May 2014 in “The Journal of Sexual Medicine” Hormone therapy for trans individuals is effective and generally safe in the short term.
October 2023 in “Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences” Ongoing follow-up and dietary counseling are crucial for maintaining health benefits after metabolic surgery.
October 2007 in “Postgraduate obstetrics & gynecology” Testosterone therapy can help postmenopausal women with low sexual desire but needs more safety research and should be used with estrogen therapy.
20 citations
,
October 2008 in “European journal of endocrinology” Lower lipin 1β in belly fat is linked to insulin resistance in people with polycystic ovary syndrome.
124 citations
,
March 2012 in “JAMA” Testosterone's muscle-building effects do not require its conversion to DHT.
November 2022 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Estrogen deficiency can reduce the enzyme activity needed to activate vitamin D.
6 citations
,
August 2013 in “Fertility and Sterility” Eating cream can increase ovarian androgen production in women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, which is not related to obesity.
August 2013 in “Fertility and Sterility” High levels of fatty acids are linked to increased androgen production and inflammation in women with PCOS, which may affect IVF outcomes.
92 citations
,
November 2003 in “The Journals of Gerontology” Testosterone supplements can increase muscle mass and strength in older men with low levels, but long-term effects and risks need more research.
306 citations
,
August 2011 in “Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle” Enobosarm significantly increased muscle mass and improved physical function in elderly men and postmenopausal women without serious side effects.
6 citations
,
August 2018 in “BMJ open sport and exercise medicine” Resistance training might help with PCOS symptoms, but more research is needed.
May 2025 in “Anatolian journal of obstetrics and gynecology research.” Androgens affect many aspects of female health, and more research is needed to understand their roles and treatment potential.
October 2007 in “Postgraduate obstetrics & gynecology” Testosterone therapy can help with androgen deficiency in women but should be used with caution and monitoring due to potential risks.
10 citations
,
April 2006 in “Seminars in Reproductive Medicine” Testosterone therapy may improve mood, well-being, and sexual function in premenopausal women, but more research is needed on its long-term safety and effectiveness.
8 citations
,
March 2012 in “The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology” Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone have similar effects on body composition and metabolic health in men.
379 citations
,
May 2016 in “Cochrane library” Corticosteroids, especially prednisone, improve short-term muscle strength in Duchenne muscular dystrophy but have manageable side effects.