August 2026 in “Regenerative Biomaterials” This review discusses the limitations of conventional animal models and two-dimensional cultures in studying cutaneous pigmentary disorders such as vitiligo, melasma, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, and solar/senile lentigines. It evaluates advanced in vitro models, including ex vivo explants, co-cultures, three-dimensional skin equivalents, bioprinted constructs, organoids, and skin-on-a-chip platforms. These models are assessed based on their ability to replicate human pigmentation processes, disease-specific pathological processes, and their potential for mechanistic studies and therapeutic evaluation. The review highlights challenges such as vascular and immune integration, long-term stability, and regulatory acceptance, emphasizing the need for improved models within the framework of New Approach Methodologies.
18 citations
,
September 1990 in “Veterinary Dermatology” Lambs' skin showed similar but more severe responses to a second orf virus infection, involving immune cells and new skin formation.
87 citations
,
July 2018 in “Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research” Mice studies show that Protein Phosphatase 2A is crucial for cell growth, development, and disease prevention.
60 citations
,
June 1997 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology” Apoptosis is crucial for healthy skin and treating skin diseases.
December 2025 in “International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science” Imbalanced skin microbiome can worsen skin conditions like acne and eczema.
10 citations
,
September 2023 in “Metabolites” Iron is crucial for skin health, with specific proteins recycling it to support skin functions and prevent its release.
1 citations
,
October 2012 in “Medical Hypotheses” The conclusion suggests that treatments targeting root causes of chronic diseases may be developed by focusing on gene expression and lifestyle factors.
30 citations
,
July 2019 in “PloS one” Patients with Alopecia areata have fewer specific immune cells that normally regulate the immune system, which may contribute to the condition.
6 citations
,
June 2024 in “Medical Review” Biliary fibrosis is crucial in liver diseases and understanding it can help prevent and treat these conditions.
27 citations
,
July 2017 in “European Journal of Dermatology” Certain microRNAs are linked to various skin diseases and could be used to diagnose and treat these conditions.
September 2003 in “Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine” The document concludes that while some advocate for a patient voucher system, it may be unequal and current healthcare reforms should be given a chance, and it also recommends various medical books for their comprehensive coverage and advice on specific health issues.
81 citations
,
February 2019 in “Experimental & Molecular Medicine” PAK4 is crucial in cancer progression, brain development, and could be a therapeutic target, especially through the PAK4-CREB axis.
4 citations
,
November 2016 in “Pediatric Clinics of North America” The document explains the difficulty in diagnosing and treating brain diseases caused by the immune system and stresses the need for quick and accurate tests.
341 citations
,
November 2009 in “The FASEB Journal” Calreticulin has roles in healing, immune response, and disease beyond its known functions in the endoplasmic reticulum.
18 citations
,
October 2021 in “Frontiers in Physiology” Lipocalin-Type Prostaglandin D2 Synthase (L-PGDS) is a protein that plays many roles in the body, including sleep regulation, pain management, food intake, and protection against harmful substances. It also affects fat metabolism, glucose intolerance, cell maturation, and is involved in various diseases like diabetes, cancer, and arthritis. It can influence sex organ development and embryonic cell differentiation, and its levels can be used as a diagnostic marker for certain conditions.
27 citations
,
February 2023 in “Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology” WNT10B is important for body functions and linked to diseases like osteoporosis, obesity, and cancer.
49 citations
,
August 2007 in “Dermatologic surgery” New treatments for acne scars are safer and more effective because we understand the causes better.
49 citations
,
November 2021 in “Annual review of pathology” Lysophospholipids like LPA and S1P are important for hair growth, immune responses, and vascular development, and could be targeted for treating diseases.
16 citations
,
September 2020 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement” The article suggests that targeting specific immune pathways could help control and treat the skin disease hidradenitis suppurativa.
29 citations
,
December 2012 in “Fibrogenesis & Tissue Repair” Adult stem cells are important for tissue repair and have therapeutic potential, but more research is needed to fully use them.
17 citations
,
December 2014 in “Cell Stem Cell” Intravital imaging helps us better understand stem cells in their natural environment and could improve knowledge of organ regeneration and cancer development.
9 citations
,
May 2021 in “Immunological Reviews” Different types of fibroblasts play various roles in kidney repair and aging, and may affect chronic kidney disease outcomes.
12 citations
,
August 2022 in “Biochemical Journal” Different types of cell death affect skin health and inflammation, and understanding them could improve treatments for skin diseases.
489 citations
,
November 2021 in “Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy” The JAK/STAT pathway is important in cell processes and disease, and JAK inhibitors are promising for treating related conditions.
59 citations
,
November 2010 in “Circulation Research” Wnt signaling may be linked to heart diseases in aging and could be a target for future treatments.
90 citations
,
October 1996 in “Dermatologic Clinics” Growth factors are crucial for hair development and could help treat hair diseases.
January 2006 in “Elsevier eBooks” Cats with Feline Symmetrical Alopecia can regrow hair with proper treatment based on the specific cause, including diet, medication, or stress management.
24 citations
,
July 2017 in “Structure” FGF9 controls which receptors it binds to through a process where two FGF9 molecules join, and changes in FGF9 can lead to incorrect receptor activation.
39 citations
,
May 2014 in “Frontiers in Pharmacology” Special immune cells called Tregs can help prevent lung scarring by blocking a specific growth factor.
336 citations
,
August 2015 in “European Journal of Epidemiology” The Rotterdam Study found risk factors for elderly diseases, links between lifestyle and genetics with health conditions, and aimed to explore new areas like DNA methylation and sensory input effects on brain function.