9 citations
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March 2009 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” Ectodysplasin signaling is crucial for skin appendage development, requiring specific doses and durations.
April 2023 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” Deleting the Hoxc13 gene in frogs shows its crucial role in developing skin structures similar to hair.
38 citations
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July 2004 in “Journal of experimental zoology. Part B, Molecular and developmental evolution” Reptilian scales, feathers, and hairs evolved from changes in skin cell interactions.
2 citations
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August 2020 in “Scientific reports” Genes related to keratin, skin cell differentiation, and immune functions are key in hedgehog skin and spine development.
57 citations
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August 1997 in “Microscopy Research and Technique” New molecules involved in skin and hair growth were identified, improving understanding and future treatments.
86 citations
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May 2008 in “Cytokine & growth factor reviews” TNF family proteins are crucial for the development of skin features like hair, teeth, and mammary glands.
82 citations
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January 2006 in “International review of cytology” Vertebrate skin evolved to be more specialized and complex, especially in land animals.
68 citations
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April 2014 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Trichohyalin-like proteins are essential for the development of skin structures like hair, nails, and feathers.
45 citations
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December 1991 in “Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences” Adhesion molecules are crucial for the development of feathers and hair.
15 citations
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December 2020 in “International journal of molecular sciences” Epidermal stem cells create and maintain skin structures like hair and nails through specific signaling pathways and vary by location and function.
May 2020 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)” The study found that certain genes are important for hedgehog skin appendage development and immunity, with spines possibly evolving for protection and infection resistance.
44 citations
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May 2008 in “Acta Zoologica” Keratinization in embryos helped vertebrates adapt to land by forming a protective skin barrier.
7 citations
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October 2018 in “BMC genomics” Key genes can rewire networks, changing skin appendage types.
19 citations
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March 2013 in “Biology Letters” Early tetrapod keratins evolved into toe pad proteins in amphibians and hair proteins in mammals.
8 citations
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October 2024 in “Developmental Cell” 7 citations
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September 1980 in “Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society” Dendritic cells help regulate skin development and hair growth in mice.
1 citations
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October 2013 Different ectodermal organs like hair and feathers regenerate differently, with specific stem cells and signals involved in their growth and response to the environment.
17 citations
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August 2014 in “The Anatomical Record” Scaffoldin helps form hard skin structures in chicken embryos.
17 citations
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January 2013 in “Journal of Cutaneous Pathology” The onychodermis helps anchor the nail bed and may aid in nail formation.
January 1997 in “Elsevier eBooks” Hair and nails are skin parts that develop early and serve protective and functional roles.
18 citations
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January 2018 in “Advances in experimental medicine and biology” Hair keratins evolved from ancient proteins, diversifying through gene changes, crucial for forming claws and later hair in mammals.
December 2024 in “Genome Biology and Evolution” Snakes and worm lizards lost claw proteins due to similar evolutionary changes.
May 2025 in “Journal of Developmental Biology” Jawless vertebrates have teeth proteins similar to those in mammalian hair and nails.
Hair follicle stem cells are crucial for touch sensation and proper nerve structure in mice.
Pangolin scales evolved for protection, hardening with age, due to keratin gene diversification.
72 citations
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December 2018 in “Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B Molecular and Developmental Evolution” Corneous beta-proteins evolved uniquely in reptiles and birds, forming scales, claws, beaks, and feathers.
36 citations
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November 2019 in “Molecular biology and evolution” Cysteine-rich keratins evolved independently in mammals, reptiles, and birds for hard skin structures like hair, claws, and feathers.
158 citations
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January 2009 in “The International Journal of Developmental Biology” Reptile scales help us understand the evolution of skin features like hair and feathers.
22 citations
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December 2016 in “PloS one” A specific protein in chicken embryos links early skin layers to feather development.
17 citations
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June 2012 in “Journal of experimental zoology. Part B, Molecular and developmental evolution” Hair in mammals likely evolved from glandular structures, not scales.