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Testosterone in older women can increase bone density, muscle mass, fat mass, improve memory, and boost libido, but may cause nipple color changes.

Testosterone and its metabolites have varied effects on different body systems, especially during puberty.

The 2024 guideline updates recommendations for genetic testing, imaging, and sperm retrieval in male infertility.

Gender affirming hormone therapy improves outcomes in gender affirmation surgery.

Hormones can improve wound healing by regulating the healing process.

PROTACs show promise for cancer treatment, but designing them effectively is challenging.

Improving blood flow and oxygen levels in middle age may help prevent age-related diseases.

Sex hormone supplements help improve breathing and nerve recovery after spinal injury in rats.

Men generally have higher blood pressure than premenopausal women, but postmenopausal women's blood pressure can surpass men's, and hormone therapy doesn't significantly help.

Epitestosterone may counteract testosterone's effects and has roles in body processes like prostate growth and hair distribution.

PCOS is a common hormonal disorder in women, marked by high androgen levels and often seen in 20% of women via ultrasound.

Both injectable contraceptives lower testosterone and SHBG levels, with NET-EN having a greater effect than DMPA-IM.

Females generally have stronger immune responses than males due to the X chromosome.

5-alpha reductase inhibitors may help protect the brain and gut in Parkinson's disease.

Hormone treatment for transsexual individuals is effective but carries risks like thromboembolic events and mood changes, with most side effects being minor and reversible.

Men face more severe COVID-19 outcomes, while women are more likely to have long-term symptoms.

A woman was diagnosed with porphyria cutanea tarda and improved with phlebotomy and lifestyle changes.

Stress and alcohol affect brain chemicals differently in rats, mice, and humans, influenced by genetic differences.

Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs) are drugs that can control the effects of androgens in different tissues, potentially having fewer side effects and promising for treating various conditions.

Testosterone replacement can help menopausal women with various symptoms, but should be used carefully and is not yet officially licensed in the UK for women.

Testosterone therapy can help improve sexual function, mood, and bone density in women with low androgen levels, but more research is needed on long-term safety.

Short-term testosterone therapy in women seems safe with few mild side effects, but long-term effects need more research.

The document suggests that blocking sweat glands with antiperspirants might allow skin-generated hormones to be absorbed, possibly increasing breast and prostate cancer risk.

Telogen effluvium is a common hair loss condition where many hairs enter the resting phase, often not noticeable until significant loss occurs, and treatment focuses on the underlying cause.

Newer low-dose oral contraceptives with less androgenic effects improve patient compliance.

Testosterone therapy seems safe for postmenopausal women for a few years, but more research is needed for long-term effects.

Dutasteride protects dopamine neurons in Parkinson's mice, but Finasteride doesn't.

Amenorrhea, or the absence of periods, should be evaluated by age 15 or within five years of early breast development, and is most commonly caused by conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome and hypothalamic amenorrhea.

Androgen receptor inactivation delays skin cancer onset and reduces incidence in mice, with gender differences in susceptibility.

Pregnancy can cause skin pigmentation, stretch marks, and changes in hair, nails, and sweat glands, with most resolving after birth.