4 citations
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March 2019 in “JAT. Journal of applied toxicology/Journal of applied toxicology” PFOS exposure disrupts hormone levels and enzyme activities in juvenile frogs, affecting males and females differently.
17 citations
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November 2017 in “Experimental physiology” Breathing in newborn rats is affected differently by hormones based on their sex.
April 2021 in “IntechOpen eBooks” Androgens, male hormones, affect physical and mental functions, with a decrease leading to health issues like muscle loss, bone disease, and depression, and more research is needed on long-term effects and treatments.
8 citations
,
January 1991 in “European Urology” Finasteride lowers DHT levels and raises testosterone in a dose-dependent way.
May 2025 in “Anatolian journal of obstetrics and gynecology research.” Androgens affect many aspects of female health, and more research is needed to understand their roles and treatment potential.
60 citations
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November 2009 in “General and Comparative Endocrinology” Fadrozole and finasteride change gene expression related to sex hormones and thyroid hormones in frog larvae development.
The paper suggests that a decrease in estrogen receptor activity may cause sexual dysfunction syndromes and proposes hormonal treatments.
5 citations
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October 2018 in “Sains Malaysiana” Testosterone reduces key molecules needed for early pregnancy in rats.
1 citations
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September 1981 in “PubMed” Cyproterone acetate effectively treats virilized women, especially under 35, despite some side effects.
11 citations
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January 2017 in “Journal of Endocrinology/Journal of endocrinology” Female mice with disrupted 5α-reductase 1 had significant metabolic issues, including stress response problems, insulin resistance, liver fat buildup, and obesity.
49 citations
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March 2018 in “Toxicological sciences” Low doses of mixed chemicals cause permanent reproductive malformations in male rats.
Bilateral Orchiectomy effectively reduces the need for anti-androgen medication in most transgender females.
July 2025 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Androgens reduce THY1 in skin cells, leading to less fat, more fibrosis, and worse healing in males.
1 citations
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November 2024 in “Archives of Dermatological Research”
6 citations
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January 2020 in “BMC Neuroscience” Male tissue has more cell death than female tissue after ischemia, and some neurosteroids only protect female cells.
48 citations
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February 2006 in “Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology” 5α-reductase inhibitors may reduce male fertility and could be used for male contraception.
61 citations
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April 2014 in “The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology” Finasteride affects brain and blood steroids, causing lasting sexual and emotional side effects.
25 citations
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November 2013 in “PLoS ONE” Estrogen and androgen signals control synaptic changes in rat brains.
17 citations
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February 2018 in “British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery” Forehead reduction and orbital contouring are important for satisfactory facial feminization in transgender females, with high satisfaction and low long-term problems.
3 citations
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January 2024 in “Frontiers in Endocrinology” Androgens can affect glucocorticoid signaling in specific mouse brain areas.
15 citations
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January 2017 in “Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology” 5α-Reductase inhibitors can negatively affect male sexual function and, in some cases, significantly reduce sperm count, but these effects may be reversible.
April 2024 in “Journal of endocrinological investigation” Topical minoxidil helps transgender individuals assigned female at birth grow more facial hair.
January 2026 in “Universität Zürich, ZORA” 19 citations
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July 2019 in “Journal of Endocrinology” GTx-024 and Danazol affect the uterus like DHT, while GTx-007 has little impact.
60 citations
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June 2007 in “Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior” Blocking progesterone metabolism can cause depression-like behavior in mice.
Finasteride reduces DHT levels and affects gene expression in fish, similar to its effects in humans.
January 2020 in “Research Portal Denmark” A short male anogenital distance may indicate incomplete masculinization due to disrupted androgen action.
1 citations
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January 1978 in “PubMed” Certain chemical changes to cortisol and progesterone can increase or decrease their ability to inhibit hair growth.
August 2025 in “International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review” Glyphaea brevis and Monodora myristica can protect against finasteride's harmful effects on blood and oxidative stress in male rats.