November 2017 in “JAMA internal medicine” Women also use 5α-reductase inhibitors for hair loss and hirsutism.
51 citations
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August 2012 in “Differentiation” Mouse genital development depends on male or female hormones for specific features.
9 citations
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February 2022 in “Biomedicines” Testosterone treatment may change estrogen receptor methylation in AFAB individuals.
June 2026 in “Scientific Reports” Testosterone makes XX skin more like male skin by changing its structure and cell makeup.
7 citations
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January 2019 in “Journal of clinical medicine research” Menopause causes significant changes in the vaginal introitus, but less so in the labia majora, which may lead to symptoms of vaginal atrophy.
January 2024 in “Biology of sex differences” Dihydrotestosterone makes arteries stiffer in female mice by reducing estrogen receptor expression.
38 citations
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November 2005 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings” 1 citations
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October 2023 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Testosterone treatment may affect heart response to stress in transgender men.
January 2026 in “Endocrinology”
1 citations
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January 2022 in “Transgender health” Hormone therapy in transgender individuals can increase acne and affect hair growth and loss.
6 citations
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April 2019 in “Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America” Testosterone therapy for transmasculine individuals is generally safe with medical supervision, improves mental health, and has mixed effects on physical health.
July 2025 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Androgens reduce THY1 in skin cells, leading to less fat, more fibrosis, and worse healing in males.
25 citations
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September 2014 in “Pharmacotherapy” Hormone therapy can improve mental health and quality of life for people with gender dysphoria, but long-term effects need more research.
1 citations
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April 2022 in “Emergency Medicine Australasia” The document concludes that respectful, gender-affirming healthcare improves mental health and encourages continued medical care for transgender and non-binary individuals.
October 2025 in “Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)” Hormone therapies improve mental health and quality of life for those with gender dysphoria.
1 citations
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October 2021 in “LGBT health” The review discusses how facial masculinization surgeries are done and their costs.
Finasteride reduces prostate size and DHT in male mastomys but not in females.
1 citations
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January 2002 in “ODU Digital Commons (Old Dominion University)” Advertisements shape and reinforce idealized masculinity and gender norms.
Finasteride worsens alcohol withdrawal in female mice but eases it in male mice.
86 citations
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March 1993 in “Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology” Finasteride affects male rat genitalia development, causing abnormalities during specific pregnancy days.
11 citations
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January 2017 in “Journal of Endocrinology/Journal of endocrinology” Female mice with disrupted 5α-reductase 1 had significant metabolic issues, including stress response problems, insulin resistance, liver fat buildup, and obesity.
January 2025 in “HORMONES” Gender-affirming hormone treatments need better patient-focused outcome measurements and standardized data collection.
Finasteride affects prostate development differently in male and female Mongolian gerbils.
41 citations
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November 2003 in “Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences” Male hormones, or androgens, affect women's health in areas like mood and bone density, and hormone replacement therapy using antiandrogenic progestogens can improve mood disorders and alertness in menopausal women.
Gender-diverse individuals face more depression and anxiety, possibly due to unique stress profiles.
58 citations
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January 2013 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” Obese women with PCOS show a male-like pattern in certain fat tissue gene expressions.
8 citations
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August 2015 in “Endocrine” Finasteride causes reproductive changes in male rats.
November 2022 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” A transman experienced lasting virilization symptoms after stopping testosterone, which were resolved with estradiol treatment.