August 2020 in “DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)” Finasteride, at doses of 5mg or higher, may negatively affect male fertility by reducing the expression of certain genes involved in sperm production.
October 2025 in “Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)” Hormonal imbalances in women can cause acne, excess hair growth, and hair loss, needing combined medical and mental health care.
16 citations
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June 2022 in “Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism” Reducing phthalate exposure may help prevent early puberty in girls.
2 citations
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October 2020 in “Annals of Oncology” Men may be more vulnerable to severe COVID-19 due to genetic and hormonal factors, but more research is needed.
January 2024 in “Repositorio Digital de la Universidad Villanueva” 5 citations
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January 2025 in “Science Advances” 5α-reductase 2 is crucial for stress response in male rats.
11 citations
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May 2024 in “Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology” Fetal ovaries produce different hormones than adult ovaries, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals may affect this process.
Men see SMP as semi-permanent more than women, but women and younger people are more aware of side effects.
1 citations
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July 2025 in “BMC Psychology” Social rejection can harm long-term mental health in transgender individuals.
January 2024 in “Directory of Open access Books (OAPEN Foundation)” Medicalizing male and female bodies can have negative impacts.
August 2020 in “Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention” Long-term use of Finasteride improves hair growth in Saudi women but may cause menstrual irregularities and mood changes.
20 citations
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January 2019 in “Journal of dermatological science” Male hormones indirectly affect skin cell development by increasing growth factor levels from skin fibroblasts.
9 citations
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March 2008 in “PubMed” Low estrogen compared to androgen may cause female hair loss.
1 citations
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April 2022 in “Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery” Hormone therapy greatly improves the quality of life for adults seeking gender reaffirmation, but more research is needed in India.
April 2022 in “Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta u Splitu” The conclusion is that sex-verification in sports was harmful and changes have been made to address this.
November 2025 in “Emergency Medicine News” Use correct terms and show sensitivity to improve transgender care in emergency departments.
34 citations
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January 2004 in “PubMed” DHT deficiency in rats reduces sperm content and affects testis structure over time.
13 citations
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January 2020 in “Neuroscience” Blocking 5α-reductase can harm memory and brain structure, and increase harmful brain changes in male mice used for Alzheimer's disease research.
1 citations
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July 2021 in “Current Issues in Molecular Biology” Father's finasteride use may affect son's fertility and testicular function.
1 citations
,
November 2024 in “Archives of Dermatological Research” 11 citations
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July 1998 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” β-estradiol slows hair growth in mice.
June 2025 in “General medicine and Clinical Practice” Lifestyle changes improve symptoms and fertility in hyper-androgenic women.
July 2001 in “Pediatrics in review” The girl's increased hair growth and other symptoms were due to a hormone-secreting ovarian tumor, which was successfully treated with surgery.
7 citations
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January 2019 in “Headache” Hormone therapy may increase migraines in transgender women and decrease them in transgender men; more research is needed on migraine management in transgender individuals.
5 citations
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July 1987 in “European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology” The treatment temporarily improved symptoms of hyperandrogenism in adolescents.
September 2025 in “Toxicology” Long-term use of finasteride and minoxidil may harm male reproductive health in mice.
March 2010 in “Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation” Hirsutism in women can be a cosmetic issue or a sign of hormonal imbalance, treatable with hormonal and cosmetic methods.
9 citations
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August 1992 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism”
May 2025 in “International Journal of Nursing Education and Research” Hyperandrogenism causes significant physical and emotional challenges, needing better understanding and support.
Medicalization has shaped how society views health and gender roles over the past 200 years.