October 2024 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Rare ovarian tumors can cause hyperandrogenism, even if imaging appears normal.
24 citations
,
December 2016 in “Psychiatric Clinics of North America” Transgender women can develop feminine traits and improve their quality of life through hormone therapy and surgery, but results vary and access to surgery can be limited.
The document concludes that antiandrogenic drugs like cyproterone acetate and spironolactone are effective but not permanent treatments for skin-related androgenization in women.
126 citations
,
February 2017 in “JAMA Surgery” Surgeons must understand the full care process for gender confirmation surgery to help transgender individuals effectively.
1 citations
,
February 2022 in “Case reports in endocrinology” An unusual growth of Leydig cells in a woman's ovaries caused her excessive hair growth, which was treated successfully with surgery.
January 2011 in “InTech eBooks” Pesticide exposure may increase the risk of hypospadias in males.
5 citations
,
April 2014 in “International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology” Prepubertal girls with hypertrichosis have more sensitive androgen receptors, leading to increased body hair growth.
1 citations
,
September 2012 in “Revista Latinoamericana de Psicopatologia Fundamental” Gender identity doesn't determine who people are attracted to or their sexual practices.
1 citations
,
April 2022 in “Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery” Hormone therapy greatly improves the quality of life for adults seeking gender reaffirmation, but more research is needed in India.
3 citations
,
February 2021 in “JAMA Dermatology” Masculinizing hormone therapy increases the risk of hair loss in transgender and gender-diverse patients.
32 citations
,
November 2020 in “UNC Libraries” A point mutation in the androgen receptor gene causes complete androgen insensitivity.
Hirsutism is excessive male-pattern hair growth in women, often treated cosmetically or with hormone therapy if contraception is also desired.
January 2017 in “Springer eBooks” Understanding genes and hormones is crucial for managing male puberty and sex development disorders.
January 2025 in “BMJ Case Reports” Precocious puberty can signal familial adenomatous polyposis.
38 citations
,
May 1971 in “Clinical genetics” A specific metabolite, not a receptor protein, triggers the production of certain kidney enzymes, but this process is disrupted in mice with a mutation causing testicular feminization.
7 citations
,
August 2012 in “The Journal of Urology” Women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia showed no prostatic growth.
January 2025 in “JCEM Case Reports” Ovarian thecomas can cause virilization in postmenopausal women and are treated with surgery.
January 2026 in “Elsevier eBooks”
July 2024 in “Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism” Ovarian hyperthecosis should be considered in young women with severe male-like symptoms and can be managed with hormone treatments.
32 citations
,
September 2018 in “Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology” Hormone therapy for transgender females increases the risk of blood clots and requires careful dosing, monitoring, and lifelong management.
October 2008 in “DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)” A 20-month-old girl had a rare adrenal tumor removed successfully, with no recurrence for 10 years.
31 citations
,
September 2020 in “Clinical endocrinology” Some antiandrogens may lower testosterone better than others, but it's unclear which is best for feminization in transgender women; more research is needed.
15 citations
,
May 2010 in “Pediatrics in Review” Delayed puberty often runs in families, can affect growth, and may need hormone treatment.
55 citations
,
August 2003 in “Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology” Ultrasound and color Doppler can help diagnose and decide treatment for early puberty in young girls.
March 2026 in “Panacea Journal of Medical Sciences” The technique successfully reconstructed a functional neo-vagina with 100% survival and patency, but lacked mucus secretion.
11 citations
,
January 2013 in “Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism” A woman with a rare adrenal tumor and hormonal disorder had improved testosterone levels after surgery, but her menstrual irregularities continued.
Hyperandrogenism is diagnosed using clinical signs, lab tests, and imaging.
June 2026 in “Scientific Reports” Testosterone makes XX skin more like male skin by changing its structure and cell makeup.
July 2001 in “Pediatrics in review” The girl's increased hair growth and other symptoms were due to a hormone-secreting ovarian tumor, which was successfully treated with surgery.
October 2025 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Surgery improved symptoms and normalized hormone levels in a woman with an adrenal tumor.