25 citations
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September 1977 in “Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health” High doses of some contraceptive steroids cause health issues in dogs, but their relevance to humans is unclear.
24 citations
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October 2016 in “Oncotarget” Finasteride has a higher risk of reproductive side effects than minoxidil.
65 citations
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April 2018 in “Oncotarget” Anabolic androgenic steroids can increase cancer risk and disrupt hormones.
5 citations
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January 2020 in “in Vivo” Testosterone changes important cell communication proteins in pregnant rats' uteruses, which might affect pregnancy success.
12 citations
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December 2009 in “Neuroscience” GABAergic steroid precursors reduce ethanol withdrawal symptoms in certain mice.
August 2025 in “International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review” Glyphaea brevis and Monodora myristica can protect against finasteride's harmful effects on blood and oxidative stress in male rats.
May 2008 in “Trends in Urology Gynaecology & Sexual Health” Loop diuretics may double bone loss in elderly men, finasteride lowers prostate cancer risk but may increase high-grade tumors, abarelix reduces testosterone quickly, and transdermal testosterone offers minimal sexual benefit for women.
3 citations
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April 2019 in “Human & Experimental Toxicology” Finasteride causes harmful organ changes in female mice.
31 citations
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January 2001 in “PubMed”
July 2007 in “Journal of Reproduction & Infertility” Short-term finasteride use likely doesn't harm male fertility.
49 citations
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February 2009 in “Maturitas” Short-term testosterone therapy in women seems safe with few mild side effects, but long-term effects need more research.
July 2023 in “The journal of sexual medicine” Anabolic-androgenic steroids harm male hormone levels, sperm, metabolism, and can cause acne, hair loss, and breast growth.
36 citations
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July 1980 in “Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health” High doses of ethynylestradiol in rats caused growth issues, organ changes, and some tumors, but didn't increase overall tumor rates.
November 2010 in “Clin-Alert” Monitoring for adverse effects in clinical treatments is crucial.
10 citations
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December 2019 in “in Vivo” Testosterone makes the connections in the uterus lining simpler and lowers certain protein levels, which might lead to infertility.
24 citations
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January 2011 in “Sexual Development” Intersex frogs have different brain gene activity related to sex and thyroid hormones.
7 citations
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April 1992 in “Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology/The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology” Women with non-classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia have higher levels of certain steroids, which can be reduced by treatment.
11 citations
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September 2012 in “Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada” Testosterone therapy seems safe for short-term use in postmenopausal women with low sexual desire, but more research on long-term effects is needed.
51 citations
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February 2004 in “Environmental Health Perspectives” Control variability makes it hard to confirm low-dose endocrine effects.
29 citations
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October 2020 in “eLife” Higher testosterone levels can increase the risk of certain diseases like type 2 diabetes in women and prostate cancer in men, but can also protect against autoimmune diseases and hair loss. It also affects body fat and bone density.
2 citations
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January 2014 in “International Journal of Endocrinology” Women with a certain type of tumor had higher levels of pregnancy hormone and male hormones, which decreased after treatment.
2 citations
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April 2022 in “Annales d Endocrinologie” Recombinant gonadotropins improve future fertility in CHH patients.
April 2019 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” A woman's severe male-like symptoms were caused by a rare, benign tumor in her ovary that produced male hormones.
25 citations
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September 2014 in “Pharmacotherapy” Hormone therapy can improve mental health and quality of life for people with gender dysphoria, but long-term effects need more research.
3 citations
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October 1995 in “Southern Medical Journal” Finasteride may cause breast enlargement, low testosterone a risk factor.
1 citations
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July 2015 in “AACE clinical case reports” Removing both ovaries treated the woman's excess male hormone symptoms.
6 citations
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January 2010 in “Case Reports” A woman with high testosterone and an adrenal nodule had an ovarian tumor causing her symptoms, which improved after the tumor was removed.
September 2025 in “Toxicology” Long-term use of finasteride and minoxidil may harm male reproductive health in mice.
25 citations
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July 2013 in “Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry” Spironolactone harms fish reproduction and is more potent in fish than invertebrates, needing environmental monitoring.
2 citations
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September 2020 Long-term high testosterone levels can improve bone density and reduce body fat but may increase the risk of prostate cancer and high blood pressure.