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GlossaryGonads

organs that produce gametes and secrete sex hormones

Gonads, also known as sex glands or reproductive glands, are the organs responsible for producing gametes (sperm in males and eggs in females) and secreting sex hormones. In males, the gonads are the testes, which produce testosterone, while in females, the gonads are the ovaries, which produce estrogen and progesterone. These hormones play crucial roles in regulating secondary sexual characteristics, reproductive cycles, and overall reproductive health.

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research Physiology of the Hypothalamic Pituitary Gonadal Axis in the Male

70 citations , March 2016 in “Urologic Clinics of North America”

The document explains how the male reproductive system works, its role in making testosterone, and how conditions like obesity can disrupt it, leading to low testosterone and fertility issues.

research Gonadal dysgenesis and bone metabolism

45 citations , February 2001 in “Joint bone spine”

Gonadal dysgenesis, like Turner's and Klinefelter's syndromes, negatively affects bone health, but hormone treatments can help.

The Aromatase Inhibitor Fadrozole and the 5-Reductase Inhibitor Finasteride Affect Gonadal Differentiation and Gene Expression in the Frog Silurana Tropicalis

research The Aromatase Inhibitor Fadrozole and the 5-Reductase Inhibitor Finasteride Affect Gonadal Differentiation and Gene Expression in the Frog Silurana tropicalis

37 citations , January 2009 in “Sexual Development”

Fadrozole and Finasteride change frog sex ratios and cause intersex animals with altered gene expressions.

research Melanocyte and gonad activity as potential severity modifying factors in C3H/HeJ mouse alopecia areata

30 citations , December 2001 in “Experimental dermatology”

Gonadal hormones significantly affect the severity of alopecia areata in mice.

research Replacement with GABAergic steroid precursors restores the acute ethanol withdrawal profile in adrenalectomy/gonadectomy mice

12 citations , December 2009 in “Neuroscience”

GABAergic steroid precursors reduce ethanol withdrawal symptoms in certain mice.

research Gonadal Dysgenesis: Associations between Clinical Features and Sex of Rearing.

9 citations , January 1997 in “Endocrine Journal”

Gonadal biopsy is the best method to diagnose gonadal dysgenesis.

research Three-Dimensional Analysis of Sex- and Gonadal Status- Dependent Microglial Activation in a Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease

2 citations , January 2023 in “Pharmaceuticals”

Sex and sex hormones can affect brain inflammation in Parkinson's disease, with male mice being more affected and female mice showing a protective effect.

research Role of Environmental Factors and Gonadotoxin Exposure in Unexplained Male Infertility

2 citations , January 2015 in “Springer eBooks”

Environmental factors and exposure to toxins may contribute to male infertility by affecting sperm and hormone function.

research Gonadal Sex Steroids: Production, Action and Interactions in Mammals

2 citations , November 2012 in “InTech eBooks”

The document concludes that sex hormones are crucial for mammalian reproduction, health, and behavior, and require more research for therapeutic use.

research Adrenal and Gonadal Activity, Androgen Concentrations, and Adult Height Outcomes in Boys With Silver-Russell Syndrome

1 citations , December 2019 in “Frontiers in endocrinology”

Higher androgen levels during puberty are linked to shorter adult height in boys with Silver-Russell syndrome.

research Gonads

November 2013 in “John Wiley & Sons, Ltd eBooks”

The document concludes that accurate diagnosis of male and female gonadal disorders is crucial for effective treatment and better patient outcomes.

research Coconut oil works as a gonadal feedback testosterone booster and increases pituitary aromatase (cyp19a1b) expression levels in fugu (Takifugu rubripes)

October 2025 in “Aquaculture”

Coconut oil boosts testosterone but doesn't fully trigger reproductive maturity in pufferfish.

research Insulin administration alters gonadal steroid metabolism independent of changes in gonadotropin secretion in insulin-resistant women with the polycystic ovary syndrome.

202 citations , January 1989 in “Journal of Clinical Investigation”

Insulin changes sex hormone levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome without affecting other hormone releases.

research Sex differences in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis’ response to stress: an important role for gonadal hormones

197 citations , January 2019 in “Neuropsychopharmacology”

Male and female bodies respond differently to stress, influenced by hormones and development stages, with implications for stress-related diseases.

research Gonadal Function Abnormalities in Sickle Cell Anemia

163 citations , November 1976 in “Annals of Internal Medicine”

Sickle cell anemia causes hormone issues and delayed puberty due to testicular failure.

research Clinical and Hormonal Effects of Chronic Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Agonist Treatment in Polycystic Ovarian Disease*

96 citations , October 1987 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism”

Chronic GnRHa treatment can help manage endometrial hyperplasia and reduce ovarian androgen excess in PCO patients.

research Puberty in Boys: Correlation of Plasma Levels of Gonadotropins (LH, FSH), Androgens (Testosterone, Androstenedione, Dehydroepiandrosterone and Its Sulfate), Estrogens (Estrone and Estradiol) and Progestins (Progesterone and 17-Hydroxyprogesterone)

96 citations , September 1975 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism”

Hormone levels change during puberty, leading to physical developments like pubic hair and voice changes.

Three-Month Treatment With a Long-Acting Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist of Patients With Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Effects on Tissue Androgen Concentration, 5α-Reductase Activity and Androgen Receptor Content

research Three-Month Treatment With a Long-Acting Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist of Patients With Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Effects on Tissue Androgen Concentration, 5α-Reductase Activity and Androgen Receptor Content*

82 citations , February 1989 in “The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism/Journal of clinical endocrinology & metabolism”

A three-month treatment with a GnRH agonist significantly lowered androgen levels and 5α-reductase activity in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia.

research Female Gonadal Function before and after Treatment of Acromegaly

74 citations , July 2010 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism”

Treatment of acromegaly can improve women's reproductive health issues caused by hormonal imbalances or tumors.

research Comparison of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and a low dose oral contraceptive given alone or together in the treatment of hirsutism.

62 citations , December 1995 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism”

Combining a GnRH agonist with a low-dose oral contraceptive is more effective and safer for treating hirsutism than using either alone.

Effects of the 5α-Reductase Inhibitor Finasteride on Serum Levels of Gonadal, Adrenal, and Hypophyseal Hormones and Its Clinical Significance: A Prospective Clinical Study

research Effects of the 5α-Reductase Inhibitor Finasteride on Serum Levels of Gonadal, Adrenal, and Hypophyseal Hormones and its Clinical Significance: A Prospective Clinical Study

56 citations , April 1998 in “Steroids”

Finasteride reduces hair loss and treats BPH without major hormone changes, but may cause sexual dysfunction.

Gonadotrophin-Releasing Hormone Agonist Therapy for Hirsutism Is as Effective as High Dose Cyproterone Acetate but Results in a Longer Remission

research Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist therapy for hirsutism is as effective as high dose cyproterone acetate but results in a longer remission

49 citations , April 1997 in “Human reproduction”

Hormone therapy for excessive hair growth is as good with GnRHa as with high-dose CPA, but GnRHa has longer-lasting results.

17-Hydroxyprogesterone Responses to Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Reveal Distinct Phenotypes of Functional Ovarian Hyperandrogenism and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

research 17-Hydroxyprogesterone Responses to Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Disclose Distinct Phenotypes of Functional Ovarian Hyperandrogenism and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

42 citations , September 2007 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism”

The research found that polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has two distinct types, with one having more severe hormone and insulin issues.

research Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist Treatment in Postmenopausal Women with Hyperandrogenism of Ovarian Origin

36 citations , May 2011 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism”

Treatment with a hormone agonist can reduce excess male hormones in postmenopausal women without surgery.

research The effect of treatment with an LH-RH agonist (Buserelin) on gonadal activity growth and bone maturation in children with central precocious puberty

34 citations , May 1987 in “European Journal of Pediatrics”

Buserelin safely and effectively suppresses early puberty, potentially improving final height.

research Gonadal Suppressive and Cross‐Sex Hormone Therapy for Gender Dysphoria in Adolescents and Adults

25 citations , September 2014 in “Pharmacotherapy”

Hormone therapy can improve mental health and quality of life for people with gender dysphoria, but long-term effects need more research.

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Agonist (Nafarelin) Test to Differentiate Gonadotropin Deficiency from Constitutionally Delayed Puberty in Teenage Boys: A Clinical Research Center Study

research Gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (nafarelin) test to differentiate gonadotropin deficiency from constitutionally delayed puberty in teen-age boys--a clinical research center study.

24 citations , October 1995 in “The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism/Journal of clinical endocrinology & metabolism”

The nafarelin test can reliably distinguish between gonadotropin deficiency and delayed puberty in teenage boys.

research Effects of finasteride, a 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor, on circulating androgens and gonadotropin secretion in hirsute women.

22 citations , September 1994 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism”

Finasteride reduces dihydrotestosterone, increases testosterone, and may treat hirsutism in women.

research Long-Term Suppression of Testosterone After Treatment with a Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist in a Woman with a Presumed Testosterone Secreting Ovarian Tumor

19 citations , June 1997 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism”

The treatment successfully lowered testosterone levels and reduced symptoms.

research Treatment of hirsutism with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and estrogen replacement therapy

19 citations , March 1994 in “Fertility and sterility”

The combination therapy reduced hirsutism in women with PCOD and was well-tolerated.