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GlossaryFibrous Protein

Fibrous proteins are structural proteins characterized by their elongated, thread-like shapes, which provide support and strength to various biological tissues. In the context of hair biology, keratin is the primary fibrous protein found in hair strands, contributing to their resilience and durability. These proteins are crucial for maintaining the integrity of hair follicles and overall hair structure, making them relevant in discussions of hair loss and disorders affecting hair health. Key distinguishing characteristics of fibrous proteins include their insolubility in water and their ability to form strong, stable structures.

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research Immunological characteristics and histological distribution of human hair fibrous proteins studied with anti-hair keratin monoclonal antibodies HKN-2, HKN-4, and HKN-6.

52 citations , February 1986 in “Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry”

Some hair proteins are specific to hair, while others are also found in skin cells.

research Amino Acid Compositions of Human Hair Fibrous Protein Components Purified with Two‐dimensional Electrophoresis

4 citations , December 1989 in “The Journal of Dermatology”

Human hair proteins have similar cysteine and glycine levels to skin proteins.

research Two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of human hair keratins, especially hair matrix proteins

10 citations , January 1989 in “Archives of Dermatological Research”

The method effectively analyzes human hair proteins, especially nonfilamentous ones.

research Content of Citrulline and Other Amino-Acids in a Protein of Hair Follicles

88 citations , July 1958 in “Nature”

Citrulline was found in hair follicle proteins for the first time.

research Electrophoretic analysis of human hair keratins

4 citations , December 1995 in “Anthropologischer Anzeiger”

Family members have similar hair protein patterns, which could be useful for genetic studies.

research Biocompatibility of KAPs-Depleted Residual Hair

May 2024 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

KAP-depleted hair causes less immune response and is more biocompatible for implants.

research Some electron microscope observations on hardening in the human hair follicle

25 citations , October 1962 in “Journal of Ultrastructure Research”

The hair follicle structure is more complex than thought, with new findings on protein formation.

research Human Hair Keratin-Based Hydrogels in Regenerative Medicine: Current Status and Future Directions

1 citations , September 2023 in “ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering”

Human hair keratin hydrogels show promise for use in regenerative medicine.

research FEMALE CADAVER IN THE HAN TOMB NO. 1 X-RAY DIFFRACTION STUDIES ON TWO KINDS OF FIBROUS PROTEIN

January 1980 in “中国科学A辑(英文版)”

The protein structures in the hair and tendon were preserved, but their molecular arrangements changed.

research The Localization of Cytokeratin 19 and Vimentin in Sprague Dawley Albino Rat Skin Tissue

1 citations , March 2014 in “Applied Microscopy”

CK19 and Vimentin are proteins found in rat skin that help with skin renewal and maintaining cell structure.

research Evolution of hard proteins in the sauropsid integument in relation to the cornification of skin derivatives in amniotes

86 citations , April 2009 in “Journal of anatomy”

Hard skin features like scales, feathers, and hair evolved through specific protein changes in different animal groups.

research A novel purification procedure for keratin-associated proteins and keratin from human hair

54 citations , January 2013 in “Journal of Biological Macromolecules”

A new method effectively separates keratin-associated proteins and keratin from human hair.

research THE LOCALIZATION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF ARGININE AND CITRULLINE IN PROTEINS OF THE HAIR FOLLICLE

46 citations , November 1963 in “Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry”

Arginine converts to citrulline in hair follicles as proteins harden.

research Investigating the origins of nanostructural variations in differential ethnic hair types using X‐ray scattering techniques

15 citations , May 2013 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science”

Different ethnic hair types have unique nanoscopic and molecular features despite having the same basic keratin structure.

research Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in various compartments of the human hair follicle

105 citations , December 1998 in “Archives of Dermatological Research”

Dermal papilla cells mainly drive blood vessel growth in hair follicles.

research ANTI‐HAIR KERATIN MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY (HKN‐2)

13 citations , August 1985 in “The Journal of Dermatology”

HKN-2 antibody targets specific skin and hair cells, showing keratin complexity.

research The Extraction of Keratin from Human Hair Waste for Copolymerization with Nitrile Butadiene Rubber

August 2023 in “Journal of Student Research”

Human hair keratin mixed with rubber slightly improves its strength and biodegradability.

research Upregulation of the truncated basic hair keratin 1(hHb1‐ΔN) in carcinoma cells by Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)

18 citations , September 2003 in “International Journal of Cancer”

EBV infection increases a specific keratin variant in carcinoma cells, possibly affecting cell structure and cancer progression.

research Anti‐keratin Monoclonal Antibody against Basal Cell Epithelioma Keratin: BKN‐1

8 citations , August 1987 in “The Journal of Dermatology”

BKN-1 antibody targets specific keratin in basal cell epithelioma and normal skin basal cells.

Protein Disulfide Isomerase-Mediated Grafting of Cysteine-Containing Peptides onto Over-Bleached Hair

research Protein disulphide isomerase-mediated grafting of cysteine-containing peptides onto over-bleached hair

28 citations , December 2011 in “Biocatalysis and biotransformation”

PDI helps restore over-bleached hair's strength and structure by attaching special peptides.

Gastrointestinal Polyposis with Protein-Losing Enteropathy, Abnormal Skin Pigmentation, and Loss of Hair and Nails (Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome)

research Gastrointestinal polyposis with protein-losing enteropathy, abnormal skin pigmentation and loss of hair and nails (Cronkhite-Canada syndrome)

26 citations , September 1969 in “The American journal of medicine”

Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome often leads to death within 6-18 months.

research Evaluation and formulation of Spirulina platensis proteins for potential applications in hair care products

3 citations , March 2024 in “Discover Applied Sciences”

Spirulina proteins can improve hair smoothness and strength in hair care products.

research Studies on the Proteome of Human Hair - Identification of Histones and Deamidated Keratins

54 citations , January 2018 in “Scientific reports”

Human hair contains diverse proteins, including keratins and histones, which could help assess hair health and aging.

research The Proteins of Normal and Aberrant Hair Keratins

23 citations , January 1981

Hair is mostly made of three protein types: helical, high-sulfur, and high-tyrosine.

research HAIR | Overview

2 citations , January 2000 in “Elsevier eBooks”

The document explains how hair is studied in forensics to identify its source and its role in criminal investigations.

research Mammalian keratin associated proteins (KRTAPs) subgenomes: disentangling hair diversity and adaptation to terrestrial and aquatic environments

65 citations , September 2014 in “BMC genomics”

Different hair types in mammals are linked to variations in specific protein genes, with changes influenced by their living environments.

research Krtap16, Characterization of a New Hair Keratin-associated Protein (KAP) Gene Complex on Mouse Chromosome 16 and Evidence for Regulation by Hoxc13

47 citations , September 2004 in “Journal of Biological Chemistry”

Hoxc13 regulates specific hair protein genes on mouse chromosome 16.

research Perspectives and Challenges of Hair Analysis

2 citations , December 2023 in “Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks”

Hair is a complex organ, and understanding its detailed structure and growth phases is crucial for analyzing substances within it.

research Silk fibroin hydrogel with recombinant silk fibroin/NT3 protein enhances wound healing by promoting Type III collagen synthesis and hair follicle regeneration in skin injury

June 2025 in “Materials Today Bio”

A silk fibroin hydrogel boosts wound healing and hair growth by increasing collagen and hair follicles.

Acidic and Basic Hair/Nail (Hard) Keratins: Their Colocalization in Upper Cortical and Cuticle Cells of the Human Hair Follicle and Their Relationship to Soft Keratins

research Acidic and basic hair/nail ("hard") keratins: their colocalization in upper cortical and cuticle cells of the human hair follicle and their relationship to "soft" keratins.

356 citations , December 1986 in “The journal of cell biology/The Journal of cell biology”

Hair and nail cells share similar proteins, indicating a common differentiation pathway.