15 citations
,
September 1999 in “British Journal of Dermatology” Epimorphin, a protein, plays a key role in the development of hair follicles in human fetuses, but it doesn't help in maintaining the stem cell population of the follicular skin layer.
5 citations
,
March 2009 in “Pediatric Dermatology” The study found that pili bifurcati causes hair to intermittently split into two branches, each with its own outer layer.
February 2019 in “Case medical research” Using lasers to deliver minoxidil can potentially improve its effectiveness in treating male pattern hair loss.
January 2009 in “Actas dermo-sifiliográficas/Actas dermo-sifiliográficas” Lasers and light treatments are now the most common ways to remove hair.
117 citations
,
September 2013 in “Lasers in Surgery and Medicine” Red light therapy at 655 nm significantly improved hair growth in men with hair loss.
July 2025 in “Scientific Reports” Fermented grapeseed oil effectively repairs and protects chemically damaged hair.
9 citations
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October 2013 in “Drug Delivery” Ethosomal carriers effectively deliver hair loss drug into skin.
5 citations
,
April 2024 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)” Aging skin shows thinner layers, fewer hair follicles, and new biomarkers like increased space between cells and smaller sebaceous glands.
1 citations
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January 2018 in “Elsevier eBooks” The skin's dermal layer contains true stem cells with diverse functions and interactions that need more research to fully understand.
1 citations
,
January 1992 in “Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science” Camel skin has typical mammalian layers, with hair follicles, glands, and muscles, varying by body area.
1 citations
,
July 2021 in “Dermatologic Surgery” Removing the outer layer of skin cells from hair grafts does not change the graft survival rate but may improve how it looks right after surgery.
64 citations
,
April 1992 in “Differentiation” Sciellin is a protein that helps form protective layers in skin, hair, and nails.
57 citations
,
January 2014 in “Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine” Skin stem cells maintain and repair the outer layer of skin, with some types being essential for healing wounds.
36 citations
,
February 1998 in “Journal of Anatomy” Fibre optic confocal imaging can visualize skin layers, blood vessels, and nerves in live mice.
29 citations
,
July 1993 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” Hair follicle development involves complex interactions between skin layers and cells, but many details are still unknown.
7 citations
,
June 2015 in “The anatomical record” Hexi cashmere goats' hair growth varies by stage, with Hoxc13 linked to hair activity.
3 citations
,
December 1994 in “JEADV. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology/Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology” Oral itraconazole effectively reaches and treats deep skin layers in guinea pigs.
October 2024 in “International Journal of Comprehensive Veterinary Research.” Neonate rabbits have consistent skin layers and no sweat glands.
November 2023 in “npj regenerative medicine” Skin spheroids with both outer and inner layers are key for regrowing skin patterns and hair.
Rat skin develops from a single layer to adult-like skin with hair follicles by day 21.
11 citations
,
January 1977 in “Archives of dermatological research” Mouse tail skin has different keratinization near hair follicles and scales.
1 citations
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May 2003 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” A hormone affects hair growth, certain molecules may prevent skin damage, a skin disease is linked to immune cells, glycerol helps skin hydration, and psoriasis treatment trials need improvement.
May 2026 in “Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology” Fractional laser therapy effectively and safely improves hair density in androgenetic alopecia.
September 2017 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Photodynamic therapy can potentially remove nonpigmented hair by damaging hair follicles.
December 1986 in “Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery” Wax injection did not stop hair loss and caused changes to the skull.
4 citations
,
January 2000 Piedraia hortae fungi dissolve both the outer and inner layers of hair.
375 citations
,
June 2013 in “Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular cell research” Cornification is how skin cells die to form the protective outer layer of skin, hair, and nails.
159 citations
,
July 2014 in “Molecular pharmaceutics” New micelle nanocarriers deliver Tacrolimus more effectively to skin layers for psoriasis treatment than the current Protopic ointment.
129 citations
,
May 2015 in “Cell Stem Cell” Different types of stem cells exist within individual skin layers, and they can adapt to damage, transplantation, or tumor growth. These cells are regulated by their environment and genetic factors. Tumor growth is driven by expanding, genetically altered cells, not long-lived mutant stem cells. There's evidence of cancer stem cells in skin tumors. Other cells, bacteria, and genetic factors help maintain balance and contribute to disease progression. A method for growing mini organs from single cells has been developed.
27 citations
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August 2016 Understanding skin structure and function is key to managing skin diseases and improving quality of life.