Light exposure is crucial for health, helping prevent and treat illnesses.
March 2016 in “The Korean Society of Beauty and Art” MSG-based hair hardener improves hair thickness, strength, and wave retention after perms.
46 citations
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November 1963 in “Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry” Arginine converts to citrulline in hair follicles as proteins harden.
Pangolin scales evolved for protection, hardening with age, due to keratin gene diversification.
25 citations
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January 2003 in “Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery” Nail-matrical fibroblasts can make non-nail cells produce hard keratin, useful for nail repair.
Spiny keratoderma is a rare skin condition with small spines on palms and soles, possibly linked to abnormal hair formation.
8 citations
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August 1993 in “Colloid & Polymer Science” The observed "toughening" in keratin was actually due to water evaporation, not a real change in keratin.
May 2020 in “International Journal of Dermatology and Venereology” Calcified epidermal cysts are rare, hard skin nodules that are best treated with surgical removal.
1 citations
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December 2024 in “Tissue Barriers” The epidermis is the stiffest skin layer.
September 2022 in “JAAD case reports” The man has a genetic skin condition called pachyonychia congenita.
36 citations
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December 2004 in “British Journal of Dermatology” The cyst had unusual keratin spherules and resembled bone marrow.
August 2019 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology” Older adults may experience painful finger pitting due to nerve changes in aging skin, and treatments can help reduce symptoms.
April 2023 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Skin cells and immune cells change in a skin condition called hidradenitis suppurativa, and a certain treatment can improve these changes.
9 citations
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October 1976 in “Journal of Cutaneous Pathology” Human growth hormone treatment improved skin thickness and structure in osteoporosis patients.
August 1993 in “Journal of Dermatological Science” 12 citations
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December 1965 in “Immunology and Cell Biology” Mild skin injury can trigger mineral deposits in rat skin, even without full calciphylactic response.
82 citations
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January 2006 in “International review of cytology” Vertebrate skin evolved to be more specialized and complex, especially in land animals.
21 citations
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December 2006 in “Archives of dermatology” A kidney transplant patient developed pink skin bumps with spiny centers on her face and limbs.
7 citations
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June 2019 in “Australasian Journal of Dermatology” Elderly men with a scalp condition healed in about 26 days using specific creams and dressings, with no return of the condition in 6 months.
Cornification is the process where living skin cells die to create a protective barrier, and problems with it can cause skin diseases.
February 2022 in “Cosmetic Dermatology” Healthy skin prevents water loss and protects against threats.
25 citations
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October 1962 in “Journal of Ultrastructure Research” The hair follicle structure is more complex than thought, with new findings on protein formation.
1 citations
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April 2011 in “Clinical Kidney Journal” A benign skin tumor grew quickly in a dialysis patient and was surgically removed.
18 citations
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June 1993 in “Archives of Dermatological Research” Human hair follicles can be used to create skin-like tissue for wound healing and drug testing.
June 2017 in “Experimental dermatology” Skin has a larger surface area than thought, certain skin cells improve skin flap survival, better trials for skin conditions in children are needed, Stevens-Johnson syndrome rates vary by age and race, and better skin barrier function may reduce inflammation in the elderly.
7 citations
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January 2013 in “Indian dermatology online journal” A rare skin condition with dark, thick, warty patches and some hair loss was found in a newborn boy.
44 citations
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May 2008 in “Acta Zoologica” Keratinization in embryos helped vertebrates adapt to land by forming a protective skin barrier.
65 citations
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March 2018 in “Journal of Dermatological Science” Skin problems can be caused or worsened by physical forces and pressure on the skin.
3 citations
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May 2011 in “Practice nursing” As skin ages, it gets thinner, paler, and more wrinkled, and protection and care like sunblock and moisturizers are important.
375 citations
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June 2013 in “Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular cell research” Cornification is how skin cells die to form the protective outer layer of skin, hair, and nails.