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GlossaryHLA-DR

protein on immune cells presenting antigens to trigger responses

HLA-DR is a part of the human immune system, specifically a protein found on the surface of certain cells that helps the body distinguish between its own cells and foreign invaders. It plays a crucial role in the immune response by presenting pieces of proteins (antigens) to immune cells, which can then trigger an immune reaction. This protein is also involved in autoimmune conditions, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues.

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research Epigallocatechin-3 Gallate Inhibits STAT-1/JAK2/IRF-1/HLA-DR/HLA-B and Reduces CD8 MKG2D Lymphocytes of Alopecia Areata Patients

15 citations , December 2018 in “International journal of environmental research and public health/International journal of environmental research and public health”

EGCG may help treat alopecia areata by blocking certain immune responses and reducing specific harmful immune cells.

Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Exhibit High HLA-DR Levels and Altered Cellular Characteristics Under Xeno-Free and Serum-Free Conditions

research Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Exhibit High HLA-DR Levels and Altered Cellular Characteristics under a Xeno-free and Serum-free Condition

12 citations , September 2021 in “Stem Cell Reviews and Reports”

StemMACS media is better for growing therapeutic stem cells than PowerStem media.

research Changes in Populations of HLA- DR+CD3+ Cells and CD57–CD16+ Cells in Alopecia areata after Corticosteroid Therapy

5 citations , January 1994 in “Dermatology”

Corticosteroid therapy reduces specific immune cells and promotes hair growth in alopecia areata patients.

research [Significance of HLA-DR+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of alopecia areata (AA)].

2 citations , October 1990 in “PubMed”

Severe alopecia areata involves higher levels of certain immune cells, which can be normalized with betamethasone.

Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Exhibit High HLA-DR Levels and Altered Cellular Characteristics Under a Xeno-Free and Serum-Free Condition

research Human Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Exhibit High HLA-DR Levels and Altered Cellular Characteristics under a Xeno-free and Serum-free Condition

August 2021 in “Research Square (Research Square)”

StemMACS media is better for growing therapeutic stem cells.

research Immunogenetic and metabolic risk factors in male androgenetic alopecia: the role of HLA-DRB1 alleles and vitamin D3 deficiency

December 2025 in “Çukurova medical journal (Online)/Çukurova medical journal”

Certain genetic markers and low vitamin D3 levels are linked to male pattern baldness.

research Genetic association of HLA‐DQB1 and HLA‐DRB1 polymorphisms with alopecia areata in the Italian population

35 citations , June 2011 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

The DQB1*03 allele is linked to higher alopecia areata risk in Italians.

research Identification of drug-specific public TCR driving severe cutaneous adverse reactions

88 citations , August 2019 in “Nature communications”

Researchers found a specific immune receptor in patients that causes severe skin reactions to a drug.

research Alopecia Areata is associated with MICA and an extended HLA haplotype

1 citations , March 2004 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology”

Certain genes are linked to the risk of developing Alopecia Areata.

research THE PATHOGENESIS OF ALOPECIA AREATA

89 citations , October 1996 in “Dermatologic Clinics”

Alopecia areata is likely caused by a combination of genetic factors and immune system dysfunction, and may represent different diseases with various causes.

research The spectrum of hair loss in patients with mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome

39 citations , October 2010 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology”

Some patients with mycosis fungoides or Sézary syndrome experience hair loss, which may be similar to alopecia areata or linked to skin lesions, possibly due to abnormal T cells, and bexarotene can help treat it.

research Human Leukocyte Antigen Class II Alleles Are Associated with Risk of Alopecia Areata

36 citations , July 2007 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Certain HLA class II alleles increase or decrease the risk of alopecia areata.

Alopecia Areata Patients Show Deficiency of FOXP3+CD39+ T Regulatory Cells and Clonotypic Restriction of Treg TCRβ-Chain, Highlighting the Immunopathological Aspect of the Disease

research Alopecia areata patients show deficiency of FOXP3+CD39+ T regulatory cells and clonotypic restriction of Treg TCRβ-chain, which highlights the immunopathological aspect of the disease

30 citations , July 2019 in “PloS one”

Patients with Alopecia areata have fewer specific immune cells that normally regulate the immune system, which may contribute to the condition.

research Pemphigus vulgaris in only one of two monozygotic twins

20 citations , March 1985 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology”

Genetic factors alone might not cause pemphigus vulgaris; other factors like birth complications and puberty may trigger it.

research Exomic Sequencing of Immune-Related Genes Reveals Novel Candidate Variants Associated with Alopecia Universalis

18 citations , January 2013 in “PLoS ONE”

HLA-DRB5 and other genes may be linked to alopecia universalis.

research RETRACTED: Causal role of immune cells in alopecia areata: A two‐sample Mendelian randomization study

14 citations , January 2024 in “Skin Research and Technology”

The study suggested certain immune cells might cause alopecia areata, but it was retracted.

research Lepromatous Leprosy in a Renal Transplant Recipient

12 citations , January 1998 in “Clinical Infectious Diseases”

A kidney transplant patient developed leprosy, likely due to immunosuppression and genetic factors, and improved with treatment.

research [Selective changes in lymphocytic differentiation antigens in the peripheral blood of patients with alopecia areata treated with oral zinc].

11 citations , February 1990 in “PubMed”

Zinc may help treat alopecia areata by boosting certain immune cells.

Exacerbation of Alopecia Areata During Pegylated Interferon Alpha-2b and Ribavirin Therapy, Possibly Due to the Collapse of Hair Follicle Immune Privilege

research Exacerbation of alopecia areata during pegylated interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin therapy, possibly due to the collapse of hair follicle immune privilege

10 citations , September 2014 in “European Journal of Dermatology”

A woman's hair loss worsened after starting hepatitis C treatment due to immune changes in her hair follicles.

research Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease: A Narrative Review

9 citations , April 2024 in “Cureus”

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease affects vision and skin, mainly in people with darker skin, and is treated with steroids and immunosuppressants.

research Clinical and Genetic Aspects of Alopecia Areata: A Cutting Edge Review

1 citations , June 2023 in “Genes”

Hair loss from Alopecia Areata is caused by both genes and environment, with several treatments available but challenges in cost and relapse remain.

research Alterations in epidermal stem cells within the pilosebaceous unit in atrophic acne scars

February 2024 in “Australasian journal of dermatology”

Inflammatory acne damages skin stem cells and reduces their growth, leading to atrophic acne scars.

research Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita Occuring In A Patient With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

December 2019 in “Saintika Medika”

A woman with lupus also developed a severe skin condition linked to a genetic factor.

research Case report: a study of the clinical characteristics and genetic variants of post-finasteride syndrome patients

September 2022 in “Translational Andrology and Urology”

Finasteride may cause lasting sexual and mental health issues, and genetic screening could help prevent them.

research Hyperthyroidism

April 2006 in “Pediatrics in Review”

Graves disease is the main cause of hyperthyroidism in kids, especially girls aged 11-15, and requires lifelong follow-up.

research Autoimmunity: Alopecia Areata

143 citations , January 2004 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings”

Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disease causing hair loss, treatable with immune-modulating drugs, and linked to genetics.

research Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Chain-Related Gene A Polymorphisms and Extended Haplotypes Are Associated with Familial Alopecia Areata

44 citations , December 2005 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Certain genetic markers, especially the MICA gene, are linked to alopecia areata.

Association of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis with Human Leukocyte Antigen and Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor Gene Frequency: A Multiethnic Population Study

research Association of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis with human leukocyte antigen and killer cell immunoglobulin–like receptor gene frequency: A multiethnic population study

February 2009 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology”

Certain immune system genes are linked to a higher risk of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, while others may offer protection.

research ONKOLOGIA OKULISTYCZNA WCZORAJ I DZIŚ

January 2024 in “Wiadomości Lekarskie”

Uveal melanoma is hard to treat when it spreads, but a new drug, tebentafusp, helps patients live longer.

Study of Human Leukocyte Antigen in 13 Cases of Familial Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia: CYP21A2 Gene p.V281L Mutation from Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Linked to HLA Class I Haplotype HLA-A*33:01; B*14:02; C*08:02 as a Genetic Marker

research Study of Human Leukocyte Antigen ( HLA ) in 13 cases of familial frontal fibrosing alopecia: CYP 21A2 gene p.V281L mutation from congenital adrenal hyperplasia linked to HLA class I haplotype HLA ‐ A33:01 ; B14:02; C*08:02 as a genetic marker

7 citations , January 2019 in “Australasian Journal of Dermatology”

A genetic marker linked to a type of hair loss was found in most patients studied.