August 2026 in “Regenerative Biomaterials” This review discusses the limitations of conventional animal models and two-dimensional cultures in studying cutaneous pigmentary disorders such as vitiligo, melasma, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, and solar/senile lentigines. It evaluates advanced in vitro models, including ex vivo explants, co-cultures, three-dimensional skin equivalents, bioprinted constructs, organoids, and skin-on-a-chip platforms. These models are assessed based on their ability to replicate human pigmentation processes, disease-specific pathological processes, and their potential for mechanistic studies and therapeutic evaluation. The review highlights challenges such as vascular and immune integration, long-term stability, and regulatory acceptance, emphasizing the need for improved models within the framework of New Approach Methodologies.
6 citations
,
September 2010 in “Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research” We know less about human hair pigmentation than mouse coat color, but pH and cysteine levels are key factors.
140 citations
,
August 2010 in “Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research” We know a lot about mouse hair color, but not much about human hair color differences.
7 citations
,
December 2021 in “Archives of Dermatological Research” Adiponectin reduces hair pigmentation and affects hair growth signals.
March 2024 in “GSC Advanced Research and Reviews” Different light affects cell functions and can help treat skin conditions.
47 citations
,
June 1996 in “International Journal of Legal Medicine” Hair analysis for drugs needs a better understanding of how drugs enter hair, considering factors like hair structure and pigmentation.
305 citations
,
February 2007 in “Hormone and metabolic research” Human skin makes sexual hormones that affect hair growth, skin health, and healing; too much can cause acne and hair loss, while treatments can manage these conditions.
1 citations
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September 2023 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” Skin organoids from stem cells can help study and treat skin issues but face some challenges.
Hair can naturally regain color, and stress might influence greying and its reversal.
15 citations
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January 2018 in “Biomedical Reports” Exosomes are important for skin health and could help diagnose and treat skin diseases.
January 2025 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)” Rhamnose may help hair growth and pigmentation, making it a potential treatment for hair loss.
March 2015 in “Plastic and reconstructive surgery” Human skin has multiple layers and functions, with key roles in protection, temperature control, and appearance.
April 1986 in “CRC Press eBooks” Hair color is determined by melanins produced in hair cells.
April 2019 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” Scientists discovered a new way UVB light increases skin pigmentation through the ATP-P2X7 pathway.
2 citations
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August 1987 in “Archives of Dermatology” Langerhans' cells are not responsible for depigmentation in this mouse model.
5 citations
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January 2023 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences” Hair follicles could be used to noninvasively monitor our body's internal clock and help identify risks for related diseases.
January 2006 in “Yearbook of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery” Hair graying is caused by the loss of pigment cells due to poor maintenance of stem cells in the hair follicle.
April 2018 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” BMP signaling is important for skin color, affecting melanin production, pigment spread, and cell movement.
15 citations
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March 2015 in “Experimental Dermatology” Clotrimazole, an antifungal cream, may safely reduce skin pigmentation by breaking down the enzyme needed for making melanin.
15 citations
,
February 2015 in “Cell & tissue research/Cell and tissue research” P-cadherin is important for hair growth and health, and its problems can cause hair and skin disorders.
336 citations
,
August 2015 in “European Journal of Epidemiology” The Rotterdam Study found risk factors for elderly diseases, links between lifestyle and genetics with health conditions, and aimed to explore new areas like DNA methylation and sensory input effects on brain function.
25 citations
,
September 2006 in “Birth Defects Research” Different processes create patterns in skin and things like hair and feathers.
23 citations
,
March 2019 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” ATP increases melanin production in skin after UV exposure, with the P2X7 receptor being crucial for this process.
98 citations
,
July 2014 in “Trends in Molecular Medicine” Hair follicles are hormone-sensitive and involved in growth and other functions, with potential for new treatments, but more research is needed.
109 citations
,
October 2007 in “Journal of pineal research” Melatonin helps regulate hair growth and protects the hair follicle from stress.
8 citations
,
January 2017 in “Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology” Pimecrolimus boosts melanin production and movement of skin pigment cells.
June 2026 in “Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)” Clitoria ternatea has potential health and skincare benefits but needs more testing for safe use.
June 2026 in “Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)” Clitoria ternatea has potential health and skincare benefits but needs more testing for safe use.
December 2024 in “Antioxidants” Luteolin can reduce hair graying in mice, with external treatment being more effective.
16 citations
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October 2015 in “Photochemistry and photobiology” Reducing copper (II) ion levels in hair can decrease hair damage.